改性尿素追施对冬小麦和夏玉米季氮素挥发和淋溶的影响  

Effects of Modified Urea Topdressing on Nitrogen Volatilization and Leaching in Winter Wheat and Summer Maize

作　　者：肖强[1,2] 李丽霞 李鸿雁[1,2] 衣文平 邹国元[1,2] 刘建斌 孙世友[3] XIAO Qiang;LI Lixia;LI Hongyan;YI Wenping;ZOU Guoyuan;LIU Jianbin;SUN Shiyou(Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097;Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow/Controlled-release Fertilizer, Beijing 100097;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051)

机构地区：[1]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097 [2]北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心,北京100097 [3]河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所,石家庄050051

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2020年第4期270-279,共10页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0800604);北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20200418);国家玉米产业技术体系任务项目(CARS-02-88);河北省农林科学院创新工程项目(2019-1-03);河北省重点研究计划项目(20323601D)。

摘　　要：以NBPT(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺)和DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)为复合抑制剂,利用转鼓喷涂工艺,开发出新型复合型抑制剂涂覆尿素肥料,采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析其涂覆效果。通过田间试验系统对比评价了追施不同氮肥对调控氮素的特征效果。试验设置5个处理:(1)不施氮肥(CK);(2)农民习惯追施尿素(CU);(3)优化追施尿素(CUU);(4)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY1);(5)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY2)。在夏玉米喇叭口期、冬小麦拔节期追施氮肥后的15天内进行田间原位连续动态观测。电镜和能谱结果表明,复合抑制剂均匀涂覆于尿素表面,形成薄而致密、光滑的涂覆层,该涂覆层均匀分布有磷和硫2种元素,表明复合抑制剂与尿素已有效结合。田间试验结果表明,在同等优化施氮量下与普通尿素相比,夏玉米和冬小麦季追肥后CUY1和CUY2处理氨挥发分别降低55.19%,32.15%和52.46%,39.43%。夏玉米季追肥后,0-20 cm土层CU、CUU处理土壤硝态氮含量于第5天达到峰值,到后期已显著低于CUY1、CUY2处理,CUY2处理稳定硝态氮的效果更好。冬小麦季追肥后,0-20 cm土壤硝态氮含量CU、CUU处理分别在第5,3天达到峰值,CUY1、CUY2处理于第11天达到峰值后,硝态氮含量已显著高于相同施氮量的CUU处理。在保证产量和净收益的同时,抑制剂涂覆尿素显著降低了追施氮素的氨挥发和淋溶损失浓度,其中冬小麦季CUY1处济效益较好,夏玉米季CUY2调控氮素的效果最佳,减少向下淋溶的效果明显。NBPT(n-butyl thiophosphoryltriamide)and DMPP(3,4-dimethylpyrazolphosphate)were used as composite inhibitors.By optimizing the combination and using the drum spray process,a new type of composite inhibitor coated urea fertilizer was developed.The effect of coating was analyzed by SEM and EDS.Field experiments were conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of different nitrogen topdressing on nitrogen regulation.Five treatments were set up:(1)No N application(CK);(2)farmers’habit of applying urea(CU);(3)optimization of applying urea(CUU);(4)optimization of applying inhibitor coated urea(CUY1);(5)optimization of applying inhibitor coated urea(CUY2).The field in-situ continuous dynamic observation was carried out within 15 days after applying urea at the ten leaf stage of summer maize and jointing stage of winter wheat.The composite inhibitor was uniformly coated on the surface of urea to form a thin,compact and smooth coating layer.The coating layer was evenly distributed with phosphorus and sulfur elements,which indicated that the composite inhibitor and urea had effectively combined.Compared with the common urea after the same N application,the ammonia volatilization of CUY1 and CUY2 in summer maize and winter wheat decreased by 55.19%,32.15%and 52.46%,39.43%respectively.After topdressing in summer maize season,the content of soil NO3--N in 0-20 cm soil lager in CU and CUU treatment reached the peak value at the 5th day,which was significantly higher than that of CUY1 and CUY2 treatment at the same period,and significantly lower than that of CUY1 and CUY2 treatment at the later stage.According to the trend of CUY1 treatment,the effect of CUY2 treatment on stabilizing NO3--N in 0-20 cm soil layer is better.After topdressing in winter wheat season,the content of soil NO3--N in CU and CUU treatment reached the peak value on the 5th and 3rd day,respectively.The content of soil NO3--N in CUY1 and CUY2 treatment increased slowly,and reached the peak value on the 11th day,which was 38.64%,36.08%and 43.65%,48.19%

关 键 词：复合抑制剂 涂覆工艺 改性尿素 氨挥发 淋溶 

分 类 号：X53[环境科学与工程—环境工程] S512.11[农业科学—作物学]