1992—2015年呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地类型分布时空变化遥感分析  

The Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Different Grassland Types in Hulunber Grassland Based on Remote Sensing from 1992 to 2015

作　　者：朱晓昱 徐大伟[1] 辛晓平[1] 沈贝贝 丁蕾 王旭[1] 陈宝瑞[1] 闫瑞瑞[1] ZHU XiaoYu;XU DaWei;XIN XiaoPing;SHEN BeiBei;DING Lei;WANG Xu;CHEN BaoRui;YAN RuiRui(The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station,Beijing 100081;Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tianjin 300191)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,北京100081 [2]农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2020年第13期2715-2727,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500608,2017YFE0104500,2016YFC0500600);国家自然科学基金(41771205);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-34);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132018023,1610132018022,1610132019040,Y2019YJ13,931-48);中国科学院野外站联盟项目(KFJ-SW-YW026)。

摘　　要：【背景】呼伦贝尔草原作为我国温性草原的重要组成部分,其独特的地理位置、典型的生态及气候特点、代表性的生产方式决定其在草原畜牧业生产中的重要地位,同时也是我国北方的绿色生态屏障,发挥着生态缓冲区功能。草地作为重要的陆地生态系统之一,在农牧业生产、生态及环境保护、气候变化等方面具有重要的意义。【目的】明确不同草地类型的空间分布及变化规律,为草地研究及管理提供依据。【方法】以呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地及地物类型为研究对象,以1992年、2015年遥感影像为数据源,采用支持向量机、面对对象分类法获得研究区地物类型空间分布数据,以地统计方法分析时空变化特征,结合植物-生境学分类法划分地带性草地类型潜在分布、社会统计数据、地物类型转化过程分析气候变化、人类活动对草地类型分布的影响。【结果】研究区耕地、林地、沙地碱地、人工表面4种地物类型面积增加,草地、水体面积减少。草地作为研究区最大的覆盖类型,1992年、2015年分布面积为7601258 hm^2、7148085 hm^2,减少幅度5.96%。研究区分布典型草原、草甸草原、低地草甸、山地草甸及沼泽,前3种草地类型分布面积较大,共占研究区总面积70%以上,后2种草地类型分布面积相对较少,占2%左右。除典型草原面积增加外,其他草地类型面积减少,典型草原面积增加283790 hm^2,增加幅度7.12%;草甸草原减少面积最大,减少563439 hm^2,减小幅度28.72%。研究区水分状况相对较湿润的草地类型向相对干旱的类型转换占据主导地位,1992—2015年转移面积466687 hm^2,水分状况相对较干的草地类型向相对湿润的类型转移面积212330 hm^2。【结论】呼伦贝尔草原区不同草地及地物类型空间分布变化较为剧烈,气候变化的影响具有趋势性、长期性、难恢复性,人类活动的影响具有破碎性、可逆【Background】Hulunber grassland,as the main part of temperate steppe in China,possesses its important position in grassland animal husbandry production and plays the ecological buffer function with its unique geographical location,typical ecological climate and representative production mode.【Objective】Grassland,as one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems,has great significance in agricultural and animal husbandry production,ecological and environmental protection,climate change and other aspects.The spatial distribution and change of different grassland types are the basis of grassland research and management.【Method】In this paper,different land cover and grassland types in Hulunber grassland were taken as research objects,remote sensing images in 1992 and 2015 were treated as data sources,support vector machine and object-based image analysis classification were used to obtain the spatial distribution in the study area.The temporal and spatial change characteristics were studied by geostatistics,and the effects of climate change and human activities were analyzed by the potential distribution of zonal grassland types classified by plant-habitat classification,social statistical data and the transformation process.【Result】The area of cropland,forestland,sandy and alkaline land,building land increased,while the area of grassland and water decreased.Grassland is the largest coverage type in the study area,the areas were 7601258 hm^2 and 7148085 hm^2 in 1992 and 2015 respectively,with a 5.96%reduction.Steppe,meadow steppe and lowland meadow had large distribution areas,accounting for more than 70%of the study area,while mountain meadow and swamp had relatively small distribution area,accounting for about 2%.Except the increase of steppe area,the area of other grassland types decreased.The area of steppe increased by 283790 hm^2,with an increase rate of 7.12%.The area of meadow steppe showed the largest decrease,with a decrease of 563439 hm^2 and a decrease of 28.72%.In the study area,the gras

关 键 词：呼伦贝尔草原 遥感 草地类型 影响因素 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]