东北典型黑土区农田景观多尺度土壤养分时空分异研究进展  

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of soil nutrients at scales:A review in Mollisol farmland from Northeast of China

作　　者：张少良[1] 张海军[1] 肖梓良 曲凤娟 王雪珊 霍纪平 张兴义[2] 刘晓冰[2] ZHANG Shaoliang;ZHANG Haijun;XIAO Ziliang;QU Fengjuan;WANG Xueshan;HUO Jiping;ZHANG Xingyi;LIU Xiaobing(School of Resources and Environment,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China;Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Harbin 150081,China)

机构地区：[1]东北农业大学资源与环境学院,哈尔滨150030 [2]中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,哈尔滨150081

出　　处：《东北农业大学学报》2020年第7期86-96,共11页Journal of Northeast Agricultural University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0504202);国家自然科学基金项目(41771313)。

摘　　要：东北黑土区是我国重要商品粮生产基地,黑土区土壤养分时空分异规律及其主要驱动机制是区域土壤养分管理重要依据。文章系统总结不同尺度下典型黑土土壤养分时空分布格局主要特征和驱动机制:典型黑土区尺度,有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)从南向北逐渐升高,呈纬度地带性规律。区域尺度,以哈尔滨市辖区为例,受纬度地带性和海陆分布影响,SOM和全量养分从西南向东北逐渐增加,同时全量养分和速效养均表现明显“城市效应”,即越靠近城市土壤SOM和土壤养分含量越高。村域尺度和小流域尺度,SOM和全量土壤养分分布与水文过程密切相关,尤其受到侵蚀和沉积影响;速效养分主要受坡向、坡度和坡位,以及土地利用方式影响,且不同土壤速效养分与其各自理化性质和土壤本底值密切相关。坡面尺度,土壤速效养分受坡位、侵蚀、沉积、水热、施肥和作物生长过程影响,土壤AN含量峰值在作物生长期从坡顶向坡底逐渐迁移,AP变化不明显。受土地利用、地形、耕作方式、融雪侵蚀、沉积、水文过程等影响,冻融过程不同程度改变流域尺度和坡面尺度土壤N和P时空分布格局。不同尺度典型黑土养分空间分布格局主要驱动机制不同,因此无法直接通过尺度推绎方法预测土壤养分时空分布规律;黑土区土壤养分调查方法、采样方法和插值方法逐渐改进,但需进一步探索更简单、高效、精准插值方法。研究旨在为黑土区土壤养分管理和区域生态环境保护等提供理论依据和技术支撑。Mollisols region is the key commodity grain production base of China,and the quality of the Mollisols is highly related to the food security of China.Ascertaining the distribution and the main driving mechanisms of soil nutrients is crucial to reasonably manage the soil nutrients in Mollisols region.In this study,soil nutrients heterogeneity and their driving mechanism were summarized:In the whole Mollisols region,soil organic matter(SOM),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),available nitrogen(AN)and available potassium(AP)increased from south-to north-area,and performed as"latitude effect".In mid region scale,e.g.Harbin City region,total nutrient distribution was mainly influenced by both of latitude and ocean-land climate,SOM and total nutrients increased form southeastarea to northwest-area;both available nutrients and total nutrient performed a"city effect"which meant nutrients content decreased with the distance from the city increasing.In the village and small watershed scale,SOM and nutrients were highly related to hydrology process,especially influenced by soil erosion and deposition.Available nutrients were mainly influenced by slope aspect,slope steepness,slope position,also influenced by land use types.In field slope scale,available nutrients were mainly determined by slope positions,soil loss,soil deposition,soil moisture-temperature,fertilization and plants growth;both peak contents of AP and AN moved from up slope to the bottom slope in the crop growth season.Due to the effects from land use,topography,tillage method,snowmelt erosion-deposition,hydrology process and so on,spatial heterogeneity of Nitrogen and Phosphorus were changed differently by thawing-freezing process in both slope and watershed scales.Because the main driving mechanisms on soil nutrients differed from scales,scaling method could't be used to predict soil nutrient distribution between scales.Despite of soil nutrients investigation and interpolation methods were improved a lot in recent decades,there still need to explore a mo

关 键 词：黑土区 尺度 异质性 土壤有机质 土壤养分 

分 类 号：S151.9[农业科学—土壤学]