近30年中国稻区氮素平衡及氮肥偏生产力的时空变化  

Spatial-temporal variation of nitrogen balance and partial factor productivity of nitrogen in rice region of China over the past 30 years

作　　者：黄晶[1,2] 刘立生 马常宝[3] 薛彦东 韩天富 柳开楼 刘淑军[1,2] 张璐[1,2] 李冬初[1,2] 都江雪 张会民[1,2] HUANG Jing;LIU Li-sheng;MA Chang-bao;XUE Yan-dong;HAN Tian-fu;LIU Kai-lou;LIU Shu-jun;ZHANG Lu;LI Dong-chu;DU Jiang-xue;ZHANG Hui-min(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land,Beijing 100081,China;National Observation Station of Qiyang Agri-Ecology System,Qiyang,Hunan 426182,China;Center of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100125,China;Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil,Nanchang 330046,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京100081 [2]祁阳农田生态系统国家野外观测研究站,湖南祁阳426182 [3]农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心,北京100125 [4]江西省红壤研究所,南昌330046

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2020年第6期987-998,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFD0300901);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(161032019035,1610132020023,1610132020021);衡阳市科技计划项目(2019yj010733)。

摘　　要：【目的】中国的稻作模式和区域条件复杂多样,研究和推荐各稻区氮肥合理施用量,为提高氮肥利用效率和维持土壤氮素平衡提供参考。【方法】基于1988―2017年开展的全国水稻土长期监测平台,分析主要稻区(包括东北、西南、长江中游、华南、长三角稻区,322个土壤监测点)氮肥施用水平、氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素平衡的时空演变特征,并进一步探究各稻区氮肥的合理用量。【结果】近30年来,我国东北、西南、长江中游(早稻)、华南(双季)和长三角稻区水稻氮肥平均施用量分别为N 159、173、179、284和279 kg/hm^2,全国稻区氮肥平均施用量为N 215 kg/hm^2。西南和长三角稻区氮肥施用量随施肥年限的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),增加速率分别为N 0.4和2.5 kg/(hm^2·a)。整体而言,全国稻区氮肥施用量随施肥年限的增加无显著变化。30年间,各稻区之间氮素表观平衡量差异显著(P<0.05)。东北、西南、长江中游(早稻)、华南(双季)和长三角稻区氮素年均盈余量分别为N 35、5、20、69和109 kg/hm^2,氮素盈余量分别占氮肥平均施用量的22%、3%、11%、24%和39%。各稻区氮素盈余量均随着氮肥施用量的增加而显著增加(P<0.0001)。东北、西南、长江中游(早稻)、华南(双季)和长三角各稻区水稻氮肥偏生产力分别为54、51、42、44和35 kg/kg,全国平均为45kg/kg,仅东北和长江中游(早稻)稻区水稻氮肥偏生产力随施肥年限增加而显著提高(P<0.05)。各稻区氮肥偏生产力均随着氮素盈余量的增加而呈指数下降趋势(P<0.0001)。【结论】除西南稻区,其他稻区氮素施用量偏高。综合考虑维持土壤氮平衡和提高氮肥偏生产力,建议东北、西南、长江中游(早稻)、华南(双季)和长三角稻区的适宜施氮量分别为N 131、167、156、244和151 kg/hm^2。【Objectives】There are complex and diverse rice cultivation models and regional conditions in China.Hence,it has a great importance to assess the effects of nitrogen(N)fertilizer rate on N use efficiency of rice and soil N balance in each rice growing region.【Methods】Based on the national paddy soil long-term monitoring platform from 1988 to 2017,the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of N fertilizer application level,partial factor productivity of N(PFPN)and soil N balance in five main rice growing regions(322 soil monitoring sites),i.e.northeast(NE),southwest(SW),middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MYR),south China(SC)and the Yangtze River delta(YRD)were analyzed,and the reasonable application rate of N fertilizer in each rice growing region was proposed.【Results】Over the past 30 years,the average N fertilizer inputs of rice in NE,SW,MYR(early rice season),SC(double cropping)and YRD were N 159,173,179,284 and 279 kg/hm^2,respectively.The average nitrogen fertilizer input across the rice area of China was N 215 kg/hm^2.In SW and YRD,the fertilizer inputs were kept increasing significantly,with the increasing rates of 0.4 and 2.5 kg/(hm^2·a),respectively.The apparent balance of N was significant different among the rice regions over the past 30 years(P<0.05).The average annual N surplus in NE,SW,MYR(early rice season),SC(double cropping)and YRD rice regions were 35,5,20,69 and 109 kg/hm^2,respectively,which were accounted for 22%,3%,11%,24%and 39%of their corresponding N application rates.The N surplus increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer application rate(P<0.0001).The partial factor of productivity of nitrogen in rice were 54,51,42,44 and 35 kg/kg in NE,SW,MYR(early rice season),SC(double cropping)and YRD rice regions,respectively,which increased significantly with the prolonged fertilization years in the NE and MYR(early rice season)(P<0.05),but decreased with the increasing of N surplus in the whole country(P<0.0001).【Conclusions】In general,nitrogen fertilizer is ove

关 键 词：中国稻区 氮素表观平衡 氮肥偏生产力 时空变化 氮肥推荐施用量 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]