好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力  

Partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with aerobic fermented pig manure increases nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize and soil fertility

作　　者：郭校伟 潘军晓 张济世[1] 徐张义 马东立 崔振岭[1] GUO Xiao-wei;PAN Jun-xiao;ZHANG Ji-shi;XU Zhang-yi;MA Dong-li;CUI Zhen-ling(College of Resource and Environmental Science,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Feed Industry Centre,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]农业部饲料工业中心,北京100193

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2020年第6期1025-1034,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：青海省重大科技专项(2019-NK-A11);国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0200107)。

摘　　要：【目的】化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产,还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响,为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理,及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。【方法】以‘先玉335’为供试材料,在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥(CK),100%化肥氮(CF),100%自然堆肥猪粪氮(PM),100%好氧发酵猪粪氮(PC),50%好氧发酵猪粪氮+50%化肥氮(FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。【结果】在等氮条件下,与CF处理相比,FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高,其中FM处理显著增产13.2%,PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高,两年平均为304.6 kg/hm^2,较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%;PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF处理相比,FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2%(P<0.05),PC、PM处理与CF处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期,FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高,与CF无显著差异;在成熟期,FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%,而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外,施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,与CF处理相比,PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%;FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。【结论】在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比,50%好氧发酵猪粪氮+50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量,还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异,但可增加土�【Objectives】Unreasonable use of fertilizers and livestock manure not only restricts crop yields,but also seriously threatens soil health and environmental safety.The effects of pig manure composts and its combining application with chemical fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and soil fertility were studied,to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of large-scale pig farm manure.【Methods】The summer maize cultivar of Xianyu 335 was used as the test material in a field experiment conducted in the Fengning Animal Experimental Base of China Agricultural University.Five treatments included,no fertilization(CK),100%chemical fertilizer nitrogen(CF),100%-natural pig manure compost nitrogen(PM),100%aerobic fermented pig manure nitrogen(PC),50%aerobic fermented pig manure compost nitrogen+50%chemical fertilizer nitrogen(FM).The yield and nitrogen uptake of summer maize,and the soil carbon and total nitrogen contents in 0–40 cm soil after harvest were analyzed.【Results】Compared with CF treatment,FM treatment had the highest yield,grain number per ear and 1000-grain weight,and the yield of FM treatment significantly increased by 13.2%.There was no significant difference in yield,grain number per ear and 1000-grain weight among PC,PM and CF treatments.FM treatment had the highest nitrogen accumulation(304.6 kg/hm^2)in maize,which was 15.5%higher than that of CF,while PC and PM treatments had no significant difference with CF in N accumulation of maize.Compared with CF treatment,the N recovery rate,N agronomic utilization rate and partial productivity in FM treatment were significantly increased by 85.9%,59.5%and 13.2%,respectively;while those of PM,PC and CF did not have significant difference.During the key growth period of maize,the inorganic N content in the 0–40 cm soil of FM treatment reached the highest,but did not have significant difference with others.At the maturity stage,the inorganic N content of FM treatment significantly was increased by 41.8%,compared with CF.There was no significant

关 键 词：有机无机配施 夏玉米 氮素利用效率 有机碳 无机氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]