从“欧洲优先”到“美国优先”:美国战略重心转移对大西洋联盟的影响  

From “Europe First” to “America First”: The Shift of U.S. Strategic Focus and the Future of the Atlantic Alliance

作　　者：赵怀普 Zhao Huaipu

机构地区：[1]外交学院国际关系研究所,北京100037

出　　处：《国际论坛》2020年第3期49-65,157,共18页International Forum

摘　　要：美欧对安全威胁的共同认知和安全利益的一致性是大西洋联盟赖以建立并保持稳定的重要基础,而美国作为盟主,其全球战略重心的定位与转移则是影响联盟稳定及美欧关系的一个关键因素。冷战期间美欧有着共同的威胁认知和一致的安全利益,美国主导下的北约亦奉行"欧洲优先"战略,由此确保了大西洋联盟和美欧关系的稳定。冷战结束后特别是自21世纪以来,美国的战略重心逐渐从欧洲向中东、亚太地区转移,这给原本以维护欧洲安全为主要使命的大西洋联盟造成强烈冲击。特朗普执政后进一步收缩全球战略,加速推进以遏制中国为主要目标的战略重心东移,导致美欧安全利益分离加大以及双方对华政策协调难度增大。"美国优先"主导下的美国战略重心东移对大西洋联盟具有离心力和稀释作用,促使其日趋松散化,甚至有滑向某种松散的交易联盟的风险。未来大西洋联盟或仍将持续,但由于存在内部缺陷及其他制约因素,其在蜕变中走向衰落的长期趋势将难以避免。The common perception of security threats and shared security interests are the foundation on which the Atlantic Alliance depends. As the United States is the alliance leader, the repositioning and shift of its global strategic focus is key to the stability of the alliance and the U.S.-Europe relationship. During the Cold War, the United States and Europe shared common threat perceptions and security interests. NATO, led by the United States, also pursued a "Europe-first" strategy, thereby ensuring the stability of the Atlantic Alliance and U.S.-Europe relations. After the end of the Cold War, especially since the start of the 21 st century, the gradual shift in U.S. strategic focus from Europe to the Middle East, then to the Asia-Pacific region has exerted a strong impact on the Atlantic Alliance, whose original mission was to maintain European security. After taking office, Trump further reduced the U.S. global footprint and accelerated the eastward shift of the strategic focus with the main goal of containing China. This has resulted in increased divergence in U.S. and European security interests and greater difficulty in coordinating the two sides’ China policies. The eastward shift of the U.S. strategic focus, which is in keeping with the "America First" notion, has centrifugal and weakening effects on the Atlantic Alliance, prompting it to become looser and even risk slipping into a loose transactional alliance. While the Atlantic Alliance may continue into the future, its long-term decline in the course of its gradual transformation will be inevitable due to internal problems and other constraints.

关 键 词：美国战略重心转移 北约 大西洋联盟 “美国优先” 美欧关系 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]