施拉姆与中国传播研究:文化冷战与现代化共识  

Wilbur Schramm and Communication Study in China:Cultural Cold War and Modernization Consensus

作　　者：刘海龙[1,2] Liu Hailong

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学新闻学院 [2]中国人民大学新闻与社会发展研究中心新闻传播研究所

出　　处：《新闻与传播研究》2020年第6期92-109,128,共19页Journalism & Communication

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“新媒体技术与网络民族主义研究”(项目批准号:17AXW011)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：对于施拉姆与中国传播学的关系,学界一直以来讨论得多,深入研究得少。施拉姆与中国传播研究的关系还有一些未解之谜。相应地,几十年来施拉姆的形象也经历了较大变迁,从奠基人、启蒙者,变成了冷战专家、传播学学科化的始作俑者,甚至被一些人清除出传播学历史,这都说明了对他的身份及贡献充满争议。如何评价施拉姆,如何评估施拉姆对中国传播学的贡献,仍然值得讨论。我们应该将施拉姆的行为及中国传播学的引进放到全球冷战及美国战后推崇现代化的知识潮流的大背景下具体分析,看到冷战背景下中国与美国在“现代化”观念上达成的共识对中国传播学产生的影响。对施拉姆形象的建构,也折射出中国传播学者的学科意识与焦虑。以施拉姆为镜,才能够深刻地理解今天在现代化共识消失后中国传播学所面临的各种学科化的、政治的问题与争议,才能基于中国的国情重新思考传播学科的历史及未来。The connection between Wilbur Schramm and communication study in China is a topic often spoken about,but not closely scrutinized.There were three interesting details in Schramm's first journey to China.First,his original aim was not to promote communication research,but audio-visual teaching via television in China.Second,he unusually proposed to meet national leaders in China.Third,Chinese scholars questioned Schramm's unfriendly attitude to socialist system in his previous publications,but they were also eager to have their pioneer recognize their work.These three seldom mentioned details demonstrate that there are still some unsolved mysteries in the origin of communication study in China.Accordingly,the image of Wilbur Schram has changed constantly and dramatically during the past three decades.He had been first regarded as a founding father and advocator of this field,then criticized as a Cold War expert,the misleading initiator of disciplinary of communication study.Now currently he is sometimes even removed from books on history of communication theories,in which he was previously in the spotlight of this field.It is still worth discussing how to evaluate Schramm and his contribution to Chinese communication study.This paper suggests that to understand Schramm's career and emergence of Chinese communication study on the backdrop of global cultural Cold War and the U.S.government promotion of modernization theory globally by its experts from many fields including communication.The construction of Schramm's image also reflects Chinese communication scholars' idea of and anxiety about the field of communication.By the mirror of Schramm,we can understand more about the disciplinary and political problems and disputes in communication study in China when the consensus of modernization in the end of last century diminished.Then we can reconsider the history and future of field of communication in China from a local perspective.

关 键 词：施拉姆 传播学 冷战 现代化 学科史 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]