条约退出机制:法律困境、法理解读与中国方案  

Treaty Withdrawal Mechanism:Legal Dilemma,Jurisprudential Interpretation and the Chinese Approach

作　　者：江河[1] Jiang He

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2020年第4期178-192,共15页Global Law Review

基　　金：作者主持的2015年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“南海地区安全合作机制研究”(15JZD036)的研究成果。

摘　　要：条约是现代国际法的主要渊源,条约的退出实践影响了国际法的实效。近年来,西方国家的“退群”行为凸显了条约退出机制的法律困境。条约退出理论和实践的历时与共时分析揭示了条约退出法律机制的不确定性,这种结构性困境根源于国际法的开放性及其双重法理。在一般情况下,国家主权原则为条约的退出提供了合法性基础,而主权平等意义下的国际政治和国际法的基本价值则成为其正当性基础。美、法等国条约退出的案例说明,条约退出的合法性和正当性在特定的情势下会发生分离。强权政治的外交实践可能使条约的单边退出具有一定的合法性但却缺乏法理的正当性,这使合法性和正当性形成对立,并导致国际关系回归“自然状态”从而危及国际和平与安全。在国际范围内民粹主义高涨的背景下,中国提出的人类命运共同体理念,有利于国际法软法的构建,它强调人类的主体性和国际法的基本价值,推动了大国政治和国际法治的互动,从而在条约必须遵守原则和国家主权原则的协调中促进了条约退出机制的完善。As treaty constitutes one of the major sources of modern international law,the practice of its withdrawal influences the efficacy of international law.In recent years,some Western countries’withdrawals have highlighted the legal dilemma of the treaty withdrawal mechanism.The diachronic and synchronic analyses of the theory and practice of treaty withdrawal reveal the uncertainty of the mechanism.This structural problem is rooted in the openness of international law and its dual jurisprudence.Generally speaking,the principle of sovereign equality of states serves as a legal basis for the withdrawal from treaties,and the basic values of international law and international politics in the sense of sovereign equality become the legitimacy basis of withdrawal.The withdrawals from treaties by such countries as the United States and France shows that the legality and legitimacy of treaty withdrawal are not correlated under certain circumstances.Although the diplomatic practice of power politics may somehow provide the legality for the unilateral withdrawal from treaties,the lack of jurisprudential legitimacy results in the conflict between legality and legitimacy,and leads to the return of international relations to a“state of nature”,which consequently threatens international peace and security.Against the backdrop of the rising of populism internationally,the conception of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,initiated by China,is conducive to the formulation of soft international law.It promotes the interaction between the balanced politics of great powers and the rule of international law by emphasizing human subjectivity and basic values of international law,thereby improving the treaty withdrawal mechanism through the coordination between the principle of pacta sunt servanda and the principle of sovereign equality of states.

关 键 词：条约退出 合法性 正当性 国家主权原则 人类命运共同体 

分 类 号：D993.8[政治法律—国际法学]