印尼食糖产需格局、进口形势与政策演变  

Sugar Production and Demand Pattern,Import Situation and Policy Evolution in Indonesia

作　　者：刘晓雪[1] 周靖昀 王慧娟 LIU Xiao-xue;ZHOU Jing-yun;WANG Hui-juan(Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing 100048)

机构地区：[1]北京工商大学,北京100048

出　　处：《甘蔗糖业》2020年第4期92-103,共12页Sugarcane and Canesugar

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系(糖料)建设专项资金(CARS-170601);教育部人文社科青年基金项目(13YJC790097);北京哲学社会科学首都流通业基地(JD-YB-2020-001)。

摘　　要：印度尼西亚作为全球最大的食糖进口国,其食糖产需形势、进口和产业政策变化对于全球糖业影响深远。在重点梳理印尼食糖产量、消费、贸易和政策的基础上,得出结论:一是印尼坚持总量平衡机制,按需分批进口食糖以稳定市场;二是食糖产需经历了自给自足、产需缺口较小、缺口持续扩大的发展历程,对外依存度从45%快速升至70%左右;三是25年间食糖产量增长缓慢,整体呈“U型”变化后在250万t上下波动;四是25年间食糖消费年均增速3.8%,人均消费从17.73 kg增加到29.15 kg;五是进口以原糖为主,泰国、澳大利亚和巴西是主要进口来源国;六是国内生产的白糖用于居民直接消费,进口原糖生产的精制糖主要用于食品和饮料行业,不得在零售市场上直接销售给居民,还存在进口时间限制;七是存在单产和产糖率低,气候影响大,面积增加有限和糖厂生产效率不高等问题;八是2020年本国白糖产量有望满足居民直接消费,自给自足目标下可能调整食糖关税政策;九是应以“一带一路”为契机着重加强甘蔗和食糖技术合作。Indonesia is the world's largest sugar importer,therefore,the changes of Indonesia's sugar production and demand,industrial policies,and trade policy have a profound impact on the global sugar industry.Based on analyses of Indonesia's sugar production,consumption,trade,and policies,nine main conclusions are drawn.First,Indonesia adheres to a total balance mechanism and imports sugar in batches as needed to stabilize the market.Second,the sugar production and demand have experienced the development of self-sufficiency,the small gap between production and demand which continued to expand,with the foreign dependence rapidly rising from 45%to about 70%.Third,in the past 25 years,sugar production grew slowly and fluctuated up and down 2.5 million tons after the"U-shaped"change as a whole.Fourth,the average annual growth rate of sugar consumption in the past 25 years was 3.8%,and the per capita consumption increased from 17.73 kg to 29.15 kg.Fifth,raw sugar was mainly imported from Thailand,Australia,and Brazil.Sixth,sugar produced domestically is used for direct consumption by residents,refined sugar produced by imported raw sugar is mainly used in food and beverage industries,and cannot be sold directly to residents in the retail market.There exits import time limit.Seventh,there are some problems,such as low yield and sugar yield,large climate impacts,the limited increase in area and low production efficiency of sugar factories.Eighth,the output of sugar in 2020 is expected to meet the direct consumption of residents.The sugar tariff policy may be adjusted under the goal of self-sufficiency.Ninth,China and India should focus on strengthening the technological cooperation in sugar cane and sugar.

关 键 词：印度尼西亚 食糖产量 产需形势 进口 对外依存度 

分 类 号：S566.1[农业科学—作物学]