14种植物的韧皮·木材·竹材和秸秆纤维制取与显微结构比较  

Comparison on Microstructure of Fibers and Their Methods Made from Phloem,Wood,Bamboos and Straw of 14 Plants

作　　者：周春长 杜亚填[1] 彭凤珍 ZHOU Chun-chang;DU Ya-tian;PENG Feng-zhen(Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering,Jishou University,Zhangjiajie,Hunan 427000)

机构地区：[1]吉首大学林产化工工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南张家界427000

出　　处：《安徽农业科学》2020年第16期13-19,共7页Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(31660077)。

摘　　要：为了帘状锚固培养生物反应器培养床网绒所需植物纤维的筛选与制取方法的建立,采用石灰、硫酸盐、碱性亚硫酸盐-蒽醌(AS-AQ)和酶4种纤维制取方法和光学显微观测等,进行了14种植物的韧皮、木材、竹材、秸秆共16种材料纤维的制取、光学显微结构的比较研究。结果表明:石灰法纤维产率最高,但耗时最长,是其他3种方法的14倍多,且非纤维物质、未分散束状纤维残留较高。硫酸盐法较适合苎麻韧皮、慈竹、青皮竹、毛竹竹材和甘蔗秸秆纤维的制取;AS-AQ法较适合小构树韧皮和木材纤维、苎麻、白杨和马尾松木材纤维、荻、小麦、水稻、玉米秸秆纤维的制取;酶法较适合芦竹、五节芒秸秆和马尾松木材纤维的制取。纤维细胞长度依次为韧皮纤维>竹材纤维>秸秆纤维>木材纤维,韧皮纤维细胞不仅较长,且壁相对较厚,细胞较宽。植物种类以苎麻韧皮纤维细胞最长,小构树次之,分别为48.4、13.2 mm;纤维细胞宽度仍以苎麻韧皮的最宽,为38.7 mm;纤维细胞壁宽:秸秆(7种平均为2.3μm)<木材(4种平均为3.9μm)<竹材(3种平均为4.2μm)<韧皮(2种平均为5.8μm),植物种类以苎麻韧皮、白杨树木材的最宽,均为8.5μm,毛竹竹材纤维细胞次之,为5.1μm,小构树木材、甘蔗渣纤维细胞较窄,为4.3μm,其余纤维细胞壁宽均为1.1~3.1μm。纤维细胞腔直径以苎麻韧皮的最大,为21.7μm,甘蔗渣的次之,为20.0μm,荻秸秆的最小,为6.7μm,小构树韧皮、青皮竹、毛竹竹材、芦竹、五节芒秸秆的为15.4~17.9μm,其余材料的均在13.7μm以下。上述结果可为帘状锚固培养生物反应器培养床网绒织造所需植物维管束纤维筛选提供制取方法、微观尺寸与结构方面的参考。In order to establish the method of screening and making the plant fiber needed in the culture bed mesh-velvet of the curtain-anchoring culture bioreactor,comparative studies on the method of making and optical microstructure of 16 fibers from the phloem,wood,bamboo and straw of 14 plants were made by using the four methods making fiber including lime,sulfate,alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone and enzyme method and optical microscopic observation,etc.The results showed that the fiber yield was the highest by using lime method,but the time-consuming was the longest,more than 14 times of that of the other three methods,and the non fiber material residues and undispersed bundle fibers were relatively high in fibers products.The sulfate method was more suitable for Boehmeria nivea phloem,Bambusa emeiensis,B.textilis,Phyllostachys heterocycla bamboo and bagasse fiber production;the AS-AQ method was more suitable for Broussonetia kazinoki phloem and wood,Boehmeria nivea,Populus alba and Pinus massoniana wood,Triarrhena sacchariflora,wheat,rice and corn straw fiber production;enzyme method was more suitable for the production of Arundo donax,Miscanthus floridulus straw and P.massoniana wood fibers.The length of fiber cells was phloem>bamboo>straw>wood.Phloem fiber cells were not only longer,but also wall thicker and cell wider.The phloem fiber cells of B.nivea was the longest,which was on plant species,followed by B.kazinoki,48.4 mm and 13.2 mm,respectively.The fiber cell width of B.nivea phloem was still the widest,38.7 mm;fiber cell wall width was straw(7 species average 2.3μm)<wood(4 species average 3.9μm)<bamboo(3 species average 4.2μm)<phloem(2 species average 5.8μm),that of B.nivea phloem and P.alba wood were widest,8.5μm,respectively,which were on the species,followed by P.heterocycla fiber cells(5.1μm),that of B.kazinoki wood and bagasse fiber cells were narrower,4.3μm,respectively,and the other fiber cells were between 1.1-3.1μm.The diameter of the fiber cell lumen,B.nivea phloem was biggest in 16 kinds fib

关 键 词：植物纤维 制取方法 纤维产率 纤维细胞 显微结构 

分 类 号：Q949.94[生物学—植物学]