晋祠圣母殿拱、枋构件用材规律与解木方式研究  

A Study into the Wooden Roof Structure of the Hall of the Saintly Mother at Jinci Memorial Temple

作　　者：周淼 胡石[2] Zhou Miao;Hu Shi

机构地区：[1]浙大城市学院建筑系 [2]东南大学建筑学院

出　　处：《文物》2020年第8期70-79,F0003,共11页Cultural Relics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年基金项目“晋中地区宋金时期木构建筑技术研究——以构件的形制、选材、制作加工方式为线索”(批准号:51808491);国家文物局指南针计划专项“中国古建筑精细测绘——晋祠圣母殿精细测绘”(批准号:20100307);杭州市社科规划人才培育计划专项课题(批准号:2018RCZX31)成果之一。

摘　　要：山西太原晋祠圣母殿始建于北宋天圣年间(1023~1032年),是现存规模最大、形制等级最高的北宋木构建筑之一,于1961年被评为第一批全国重点文物保护单位(图一)。笔者于2010年参加国家文物局指南针计划专项“中国古建筑精细测绘——晋祠圣母殿精细测绘”课题研究过程中,发现圣母殿存在用材规格不统一的现象[1]。晋祠圣母殿铺作等级较高,铺作层的拱、枋构件层数较多,并在外跳使用瓜子拱和罗汉枋,用材尺寸规律得以充分体现(图二)。本文即以晋祠圣母殿为典型案例,试分析其拱、枋构件用材的尺寸规律,并结合构件端面木纹形态,还原拱、枋用材的解木加工方式。The Hall of the Saintly Mother at Jinci Memorial Temple was initially constructed in the Tiansheng Regnal Year during the Northern Song Dynasty(1023~1032)in Taiyuan,Shanxi Province.It is the one of the remaining Northern Song Dynasty wooden structures and it is also the largest in scale and the most complex in design.However,the two horizontal parts of the bucket arch structure,gong and fang,were not completely standardised in their dimensions.This phenomenon was seen in other Northern Song Dynasty wooden structures.This paper investigated the patterns of the different sizes of the gong and fang used for the Hall of the Saintly Mother.A study of the wooden grains at the end of the beams helped to reconstruct the processing methods for preparing these special wooden beams,gong and fang.It points out their dimensional differences due to the intentional processing to save material and improve the lumber recovery.The huagong,the main supporting beams in the bucket arch structure,were made from the innermost part of the log and standardised to control vertical highs.Some crossbeams,henggong,with less load bearing,were made from sapwood,lacked standardised dimensions,and were assembled using adjustments made by the cutting of small wooden buckets on the construction site.

关 键 词：现存规模 晋祠圣母殿 国家文物局 天圣 全国重点文物保护单位 木构建筑 精细测绘 瓜子拱 

分 类 号：TU251[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论]