耕作深度及培肥方式对红壤坡耕地土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响  

Effects of tillage depths and fertilizing patterns on soil physical-chemical properties and crop yield in red soil slop field

作　　者：黄尚书[1] 钟义军[1,2] 黄欠如 武琳[1] 何绍浪[1] 成艳红 张昆[1] 吴艳[1] 叶川[3] HUANG Shang-shu;ZHONG Yi-jun;HUANG Qian-ru;WU Lin;HE Shao-lang;CHENG Yan-hong;ZHANG Kun;WU Yan;YE Chuan(Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil,Nanchang Jiangxi 330046;College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan Hubei 430070;Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute,Nanchang Jiangxi 330203)

机构地区：[1]江西省红壤研究所,江西南昌330046 [2]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,湖北武汉430070 [3]江西省蚕桑茶叶研究所,江西南昌330203

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2020年第4期72-83,共12页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201503119-05-01);江西省重点研发计划项目(20181BBF68009);江西省重点研发计划项目(20161BBF60105)。

摘　　要：针对当前红壤坡耕地耕层瘠薄化问题,研究耕作深度及培肥方式对土壤理化性质、作物产量及耕层土壤质量的影响。试验以免耕(NT)、耕翻10 cm(P10)、耕翻20 cm(P20)、耕翻30 cm(P30)为主处理,以单施化肥(NPK)和有机无机配施(NPK+OM)为副处理设置裂区试验,进行土壤理化性质及作物产量的观测,并评价不同处理下耕层土壤质量。结果表明:(1)与NT处理相比,P10、P20、P30处理提高了0~30cm土层土壤有机质及速效养分含量,尤其以P20处理下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质及速效养分的积累效果最佳;P10、P20、P30处理还改善了对应耕作深度土层的土壤物理性质(土壤田间持水量除外),但造成了对应耕作深度下层土壤压实现象;不同耕作深度下花生、红薯产量均以P20处理最高,平均比NT、P10、P30处理高47.96%、33.29%、17.05%。(2)与NPK培肥方式相比,NPK+OM培肥方式有利于维持0~30 cm各土层土壤有机质、速效养分含量的稳定,一定程度改善0~40 cm各土层土壤物理性质,并提高作物产量(提高6.70%);但NPK+OM培肥方式结合耕作深度处理对作物的增产效果并不一致:在P10、P20、P30处理下,NPK+OM结合P20处理的增产效果最佳(增产9.60%)。(3)对不同处理下红壤坡耕地耕层土壤质量的评价结果表明,不同耕作深度下耕层土壤质量指数以P20处理最高,两种培肥方式下耕层土壤质量指数表现为NPK+OM培肥方式显著高于NPK培肥方式;进一步分析发现,作物产量与耕层土壤质量指数呈极显著正相关,说明不同耕作深度及培肥方式通过影响耕层土壤质量进而影响作物产量的形成。因此,对于种植典型农作物的红壤坡耕地,耕作深度20 cm在改善耕层土壤物理性质的基础上,更有利于有机质及速效养分的积累,并使作物获得较高的产量,且与有机无机培肥相结合可进一步获得较好的增产效果,为红壤坡耕地合理耕层构建提供了支撑。Aiming at the problem of poor tilth soil in red soil slope field,the effects of tillage depth and fertilization methods on soil physical and chemical properties,crop yield and soil quality of tilth soil were studied.The physical-chemical properties of soil were observed and the quality of tilth soil was evaluated under the split plot experiment,which no-tillage(NT),ploughing 10 cm(P10),ploughing 20 cm(P20),ploughing 30 cm(P30)were set up as main treatments,and chemical fertilizer(NPK),organic-inorganic fertilizer(NPK+OM)as auxiliary treatment.Results showed that:(1)Compared with NT treatment,P10,P20 and P30 treatments increased the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients in 0~30 cm soil layer,and the accumulation effects of soil organic matter and available nutrients in 0~20 cm soil layer under P20 treatment were the best;Meanwhile,P10,P20 and P30 treatments also improved the physical properties of soil in corresponding tillage depth(except soil water holding capacity),but caused the phenomenon of soil compaction under the corresponding tillage depth.The yields of peanut and sweet potato were the highest at P20 treatment under different tillage depths,which were averagely 47.96%,33.29%and 17.05%higher than NT,P10 and P30 treatments.(2)Compared with NPK fertilizing patterns,NPK+OM fertilizing patterns was beneficial to maintaining the stability of soil organic matter and available nutrients content in 0~30 cm soil layers,improving soil physical properties in 0~40 cm soil layers to a certain extent,and increasing crop yield(increased by 6.70%).However,the increasing effects of NPK+OM fertilizing patterns combined with different tillage depths treatments on crop yield were not consistent:under the treatments of P10,P20 and P30,NPK+OM combined with P20 treatment had the best yield increase(increased by 9.60%).(3)The evaluation results of soil quality under different treatments showed that the tilth soil quality index under different tillage depths was the highest at P20 treatment,and NPK+OM fertilizing

关 键 词：红壤坡耕地 耕作深度 培肥方式 土壤理化性质 作物产量 

分 类 号：S153[农业科学—土壤学] S158.3[农业科学—农业基础科学]