人工智能算法决策对行政法治的挑战及制度因应  

Challenge of Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic Decision to Rule of Administrative Law and Legal Countermeasures

作　　者：张恩典 ZHANG En-dian(Law School of Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031)

机构地区：[1]南昌大学法学院,江西南昌330031

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2020年第4期34-45,共12页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：2019年度司法部国家法治与法学理论研究课题“行政自动化算法决策的法律规制研究”(项目编号:19SFB3015);2018年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“中美网络空间治理比较研究”(项目编号:18JZD040);2018年度国家社科基金青年项目“行政法视野下食品安全风险交流制度研究”(项目编号:18CFX061)的支持

摘　　要：以大数据为基础的新一代人工智能在行政规制领域中日渐广泛的运用正在促发行政规制的智能转型。人工智能算法自动决策在提升行政规制效能、防止行政恣意,实现决策公正方面发挥着重要作用。同时,算法决策具有自动性、高度的复杂性和模糊性特征,给依法行政原则、正当程序原则、行政公开原则和行政公平原则等现代行政法治原理带来严重挑战。基于此,在规制路径上,可以考虑赋权规制路径,在合理限定算法决策适用范围的基础上,通过赋予在算法行政自动决策中处于弱势地位的行政相对人免受算法自动决策权利、算法解释权,并赋予特定专门机构算法决策评估审查权利,以确保人工智能算法决策在行政法治框架下作出,进而发挥其助推行政法治建设的作用。The new generation of artificial intelligence based on big data is increasingly widely used in the field of administrative regulation,which is promoting the intelligent transformation of administrative regulation.Artificial intelligence algorithmic decision-making plays an important role in improving the efficiency of administrative regulation,preventing administrative arbitrariness and realizing decision-making justice.At the same time,algorithmic decision-making has the characteristics of automaticity,high complexity and ambiguity,which brings serious challenges to the modern principles of rule of administrative law,such as the principle of administration by law,the principle of due process,the principle of administrative openness and the principle of administrative fairness.Based on these,we can consider the empowerment regulation approach,that is,on the basis of reasonably limiting the scope of application of algorithmic decision-making,we can granting a series of rights to the administrative counterpart who is in a disadvantaged position in administrative automatic decision-making,including the right to be free to algorithmic automatic decision-making,right to explaination,and the right to review.It should be making sure that the use of AI within the framework of rule of administrative law,and play a role in promoting the construction of rule of administrative law.

关 键 词：人工智能 行政法治 算法自动决策 技术正当程序 算法解释权 

分 类 号：TP18[自动化与计算机技术—控制理论与控制工程] D912.1[自动化与计算机技术—控制科学与工程]