出土文献所见北魏早期的士族制元素--杨琏、刘玉墓志比较研究  

The Elements of the Aristocratic System in the Early Northern Wei Dynasty as Seen in Unearthed Documents--a Comparative Study of Yang Lian and Liu Yu's Epitaphs

作　　者：刘军[1] Liu Jun(Research Institute of Ancient Documents,Jilin University,Changchun 130012,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学古籍研究所,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《重庆师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第4期46-53,共8页Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Edition of Social Sciences)

基　　金：2019年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“中古鲜卑拓跋氏士族化进程研究”(19BZS056).

摘　　要：出土文献是研判中古历史的第一手素材,北魏早期史料匮乏赖以补充和校正。新见北魏杨琏墓志是透视北魏前期社会历史的重要素材,然其丰富内涵惟有结合同籍人士刘玉墓志方能深入解读。二人同为西恒农胡城人士,先祖为汉将李陵部众,出击匈奴兵败被俘,从此流落草原诸部,艰辛繁衍生息,直至北魏辗转投靠,以匈奴化汉人的姿态成为代人集团之特殊成员。他们顺应士族化趋势,伪冒郡望,攀附弘农名族,反映时人门第速成之功利心态。其近世功绩履历构成实际的姓族门资,杨琏高居华腴等级,刘玉跻身甲乙丙丁层位,彰显北魏遴选士族体制至上、酬赏勋绩的特性。他们根据世资拥有相应的仕进通道,即以禁卫武官释褐,而后外放地方郡县。两方墓志洋溢贵族气息,其中反映北魏早期士族制成就的节点尤为关键,说明士族化是个漫长曲折的过程,绝非孝文帝厘定胡汉姓族一纸改革诏令那样简单。The rich historical connotation can be deeply excavated by the comparative study of the Yang Lian and Liu Yu’s epitaphs of the Northern Wei dynasty.They came from the same nationality.Their ancestors were the subordinates of the general Li Ling in the Han Dynasty and fled to the grassland after defeat and captivity.Later they turned to the Tuoba and became a member of the ruling group as the Xiongnu-like Han people.Facing the tide of aristocracy,they realized the evolution of noble identity relying on the meritorious service since great-grandfather.The anxiety was reflected even by forging ancestor and origin to raise family honor.They enjoyed full political resources by the noble rank and occupied the important position in the guard army and the local area.Their epitaphs brim with aristocratic flavor and embody the characteristics of the nobility system of the Northern Wei Dynasty.It is also important fact reflected by the epitaphs that the evolution of aristocracy is a long and tortuous process,which had been launched since the founding of the state.This is unrealistic to accomplish at one stroke according a simple political order.

关 键 词：杨琏墓志 刘玉墓志 代人姓族 士族制度 门第流品 仕进制度 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学]