基于英汉对比的汉语使成式作格性分析——作格分析理论视角  

Ergativity Analysis of Chinese Causatives Based on Chinese-English Contrast:From the Perspective of Ergative Analysis Theory

作　　者：刘辰诞[1] 郭米 LIU Chendan;GUO Mi

机构地区：[1]河南大学外国语学院,河南开封475001

出　　处：《英语研究》2020年第1期84-94,共11页English Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学项目“认知语法视角下汉英倚变句的共时和历时研究”(19YJA740033)的阶段性成果;河南省教育厅认知语言学创新团队资助(2016-CXTD-05)。

摘　　要：英语作格动词常常是单语素词,而汉语的作格动词则是一个动结结构,因此关于汉语动词的作格性存在争论。本文在系统功能语言学的作格分析理论框架内,通过英汉对比,探讨各类使成式作格性特征的强弱和语义、句法约束,发现:①(复合)动词必须兼有及物和不及物两种用法,且其间语义关系不是及物性关系而是作格关系。使成式中“及+不及(形容词)”符合这一特征,因此具有很强的作格性;②动词须具有使役性特征。使成式中“及+不及(形容词)”类具有典型使役性特征,作格性强。“不及+不及(形容词)”类使成式缺乏使役性特征,作格性很弱;③介质受事可以自由出现在句法主语位或宾语位而保持动词形式和事件逻辑意义不变。“及+不及(形容词)”类使成式多数符合这个标准,因此作格性强。“不及+不及(形容词)不符合这个标准,因此此类使成式作格性很弱;④使成式要能够视为(复合)词,不能作为(复合)词使用的使成式不能进入作格结构。这四条标准可以用来判定其他结构是否具有作格性。While English ergative verbs are often mono-morphemic,those of Chinese are resultative structures.Therefore,the ergativity of Chinese verbs is always controversial.From the perspective of ergative analysis theory proposed in systemic functional grammar and based on the contrasts between Chinese and English ergative structures,this paper analyzes the degree of ergativeness in Chinese causatives and finds:①the(compound)verb has to acquire both transitive and intransitive features and the relation between the transitive and the intransitive uses has to be that of ergativeness rather than that of transitivity.The“trans.+intrans.(adj.)”type of Chinese causatives meets this criterion and therefore has strong ergative force.②The verb has to be characteristic of causation.The“trans.+intrans.(adj.)”type has strong causative tendency and gains strong ergativeness while the“intrans.+intrans.(adj.)”type which lacks this feature has very weak ergativeness.③The patient medium has to be able to occupy the positions of syntactic subject or object without changing the verb form and the logical meaning of the clause.Most cases of the“trans.+intrans.(adj.)”type meet this criterion and gain strong ergativeness while the“intrans.+intrans.(adj.)”type lacks this feature and therefore is almost impossible to enter the ergative construction.④The causative verb has to be recognized as a(compound)verb or else it can not be allowed in the ergative construction.These four criteria can also be applied in identifying the ergativeness of other constructions in the modern Chinese language.

关 键 词：英语作格结构 汉语作格结构 作格分析法 使成式 作格性 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语] H314.3