设施蔬菜有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式对土壤线虫群落的影响  

Effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with manure and/or straw on soil nematode community in greenhouse vegetable production

作　　者：任宏飞 高伟[2] 黄绍文[1] 张国刚[3] 唐继伟[1] 李明悦[2] 栾好安 REN Hong-fei;GAO Wei;HUANG Shao-wen;ZHANG Guo-gang;TANG Ji-wei;LI Ming-yue;LUAN Hao-an(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081,China;Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Tianjin 300192,China;College of Life Sciences,Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin 300387,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]天津市农业资源与环境研究所,天津300192 [3]天津师范大学生命科学学院,天津300387

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2020年第7期1303-1317,共15页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-23-B02);国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFD0201001);山东省重点研发计划项目(2017CXGC0206)。

摘　　要：【目的】利用天津市西青区基地日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验,研究有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式对设施蔬菜土壤线虫总数、群落结构和生态指数的影响,为构建健康的土壤动物区系提供科学依据。【方法】定位试验共设6个处理,分别为:1)全部施用化肥氮(4/4CN);2)3/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮(3/4CN+1/4MN);3)2/4化肥氮+2/4猪粪氮(2/4CN+2/4MN);4)1/4化肥氮+3/4猪粪氮(1/4CN+3/4MN);5)2/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮+1/4秸秆氮(2/4CN+1/4MN+1/4SN);6)2/4化肥氮+2/4秸秆氮(2/4CN+2/4SN),各处理为等氮磷钾设计。第16茬(土壤消毒后)和第18茬(土壤消毒1年后)蔬菜(春茬番茄)拉秧后,分别采集0—5、5—10和10—20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤线虫相关指标。【结果】1)有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式0—5、5—10和10—20 cm土层土壤线虫总数均高于单施化肥模式,平均分别增加16.8%、31.8%和11.2%;配施高量有机肥模式(1/4CN+3/4MN)和配施秸秆模式(2/4CN+1/4MN+1/4SN、2/4CN+2/4SN)各土层线虫总数相对较高,较单施化肥模式分别提高12.1%~26.4%、34.3%~42.8%、13.2%~18.3%。2)与单施化肥模式相比,有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式,尤其是配施高量有机肥模式和配施秸秆模式可提高0—5和5—10 cm土层土壤有益线虫(食细菌、食真菌和捕食/杂食性线虫)营养类群个体数量,其中0—5 cm土层上述线虫营养类群个体数量平均分别增加13.0%、7.4%和26.7%,5—10 cm土层平均分别增加35.5%、20.2%和56.5%。有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式0—5和5—10 cm土层土壤有害植食性线虫数量虽均高于单施化肥模式,但其相对丰度均低于单施化肥模式,平均分别降低6.3%和13.1%。3)有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式,尤其是配施高量有机肥模式和配施秸秆模式,MI值、WI值、EI值和SI值均高于单施化肥模式,0—5 cm土层平均分别增加3.9%、11.5%、6.2%和130.4%,5—10 cm土层平均分别增加1.8%、19.1%、2.4%和138.7%。【结论】在N、P2O5和【Objectives】A fixed-site greenhouse vegetable field fertilization experiment was carried out in Xiqing District,Tianjin to investigate the effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with manure and/or straw on the total number of soil nematode,nematode community structure and nematode ecological indices for providing a scientific basis for the construction of healthy soil fauna.【Methods】Six treatments were included based on substitution of chemical fertilizer nitrogen(N)with different exogenous organic resources:1)complete chemical N(4/4 CN);2)3/4 chemical N plus 1/4 manure N(3/4 CN+1/4 MN);3)2/4 chemical N plus 2/4 manure N(2/4 CN+2/4 MN);4)1/4 chemical N plus 3/4 manure N(1/4 CN+3/4 MN);5)2/4 chemical N plus 1/4 manure N plus 1/4 straw N(2/4 CN+1/4 MN+1/4 SN),and 6)2/4 chemical N plus 2/4 straw N(2/4 CN+2/4 SN).All treatments had the same amounts of N,P2 O5,and K2 O inputs.After the uprooting stage of the 16th-season vegetable(after soil disinfection)and the 18th-season vegetable(one year after soil disinfection),surface soil(0-5,5-10,and 10-20 cm depth)samples were collected for the determination of the nematode-associated indices.【Results】1)The total number of nematode were increased in organic-amended soils by 16.8%,31.8%,and11.2%,respectively,compared with those in 4/4 CN-treated soils in the 0-5,5-10,and 10-20 cm soil layers.Moreover,the total number of nematode in the 1/4 CN+3/4 MN,2/4 CN+1/4 MN+1/4 SN,and 2/4 CN+2/4 SN treatments were relatively higher than other organic-amended treatments,which were increased by12.1%-26.4%,34.3%-42.8%,and 13.2%-18.3%,respectively,compared with those in the 4/4 CN treatment in different layers.2)The number of beneficial nematodes,i.e.,bacterivore,fungivore,and omnivore-predator,were higher in organic-amended soils than those in 4/4 CN-treated soil by respective average of 13.0%,7.4%,and 26.7%in the 0-5 cm soil layer,and 35.5%,20.2%,and 56.5%in the 5-10 cm soil layer.In comparison with the 4/4 CN treatment,organic amendments increased the number of

关 键 词：设施菜田 有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式 土壤线虫 群落结构 生态指数 

分 类 号：S626[农业科学—园艺学] S154.386