东周时期河济地区农业生产模式初探——河南濮阳金桥遗址出土植物遗存分析  

Preliminary Study on Agricultural Production Mode in Heji Area During Eastern Zhou Dynasty:Plant Remains Unearthed at the Jinqiao Site in Puyang

作　　者：钟华 崔宗亮 袁广阔[3] Zhong Hua;Cui Zongliang;Yuan Guangkuo

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院考古研究所 [2]安阳师范学院历史与文博学院 [3]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《农业考古》2020年第4期18-27,共10页Agricultural Archaeology

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第63批面上资助研究项目“河济地区龙山时代至商周植物考古研究”(项目编号:2018M631524);中国社会科学院创新工程项目“中国农业的起源和早期发展”(项目编号:2020KGYJ040)。

摘　　要：河济地区指古河济之间及其附近地区,主要指今豫鲁交界一带。东周时期,尤其是战国时期,随着荷水、鸿沟等一系列人工运河的开凿、疏通,该区域成为南北东西的交通枢纽。位于河济地区的濮阳金桥遗址出土东周时期炭化植物遗存共计592粒,其中包括粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)、大豆(Glycine max)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、红小豆(Vigna angularis)五种炭化农作物。其他可鉴定的非农作物炭化种子还包括狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、藜(Chenopodium album)、红鳞扁莎(Pycreus sanguinolentus)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)、眼子菜(Potamogeton distinctus)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)等。在河济地区东周时期的几处遗址中,粟依旧是最为重要的农作物遗存;但小麦在这一时期的重要程度有了很大的提升,并且在一些遗址中可以与粟比肩,形成了粟麦并重的局面;大豆在作物结构中起到补充性作用;而稻米的重要性相当有限。值得注意的是,红小豆(小豆)与小麦的广泛利用可能反映了以粟和冬小麦为核心的两年三熟制度在东周时期河济地区的出现。这种农业生产模式的变化一方面得益于东周时期生产力的提高,人口的增加;另一方面东周时期(尤其是战国时期)河济地区因人工河渠的开凿,促进了经济发展和交通的便捷,使得不同区域之间物资和信息的交流大大增强,为当地生业模式的改变提供了契机。The Heji area represents the territory between ancient Yellow River and Ji River and regions nearby,which now mainly refers to the border area between Henan and Shandong.During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,especially the Warring States Period,the Heiji area had become the hub of transportation,benefiting from the constructing and dredging of a series of artificial canals,such as the He River and the Honggou Canal.592 carbonized seeds were found at the Jinqiao site,Puyang,which located at the Heji area,including five types of crops,i.e.,foxtail millet(Setaria italica),broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum),soybean(Glycine max),common wheat(Triticum aestivum)and adzuki bean(Vigna angularis).Other identifiable non-crop charred seeds include Setaria viridis,Chenopodium album,Pycreus sanguinolentus,Cyperus difformis,Potamogeton distinctus,Xanthium sibiricum,etc.Among the sites of Heji area during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,foxtail millet was still the most dominant crop remains.However,the importance of wheat had been greatly improved,and in some sites,both foxtail millet and wheat were regarded as equal important crops.In addition,soybeans were considered as complementary resource,while the influence of rices was quite limited.It is noteworthy that the extensive using of adzuki beans and wheat might reflect the emergence of"three harvests in two years"agricultural system with foxtail millet and winter wheat as the core crops in Heji area during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.The change of agricultural production pattern was beneficial from the increase of productivity and population in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty on the one hand;on the other hand,the construction of artificial canals in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty(especially in the Warring States Period)promoted the economic development and transportation and enhanced the exchange of materials and information among different regions,providing an opportunity for the change of local subsistence pattern.

关 键 词：河济地区 金桥遗址 植物考古 两年三熟农业制度 

分 类 号：K871.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]