中国海洋法制度与若干问题概论  

On the System of the Law of the Sea in China and Some Relevant Issues

作　　者：金永明 Jin Yongming(School of International Affairs and Public Administration,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China)

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学国际事务与公共管理学院,山东青岛266100

出　　处：《中国海洋大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第5期20-29,共10页Journal of Ocean University of China(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大研究专项“维护钓鱼岛主权研究”(18VFH010);“新时代海洋强国战略法制保障研究”(18VHQ004);中国海洋发展研究会与中国海洋发展研究中心重点项目“海洋基本法涉及到的极地问题研究”(CAMA201810)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国的海洋法制度进程可分为四个阶段,各个阶段的法律制度均具有不同的特征,它们对确保中国的海洋安全、推进改革开放、履行国际义务和形成中国海洋法制度体系发挥了重要的促进作用。这些海洋法制度的成形离不开一些重要海洋政策的互相结合和运用,其为中国海洋争议问题的稳固和解决发挥了重要的影响。尽管我国依据习惯海洋法和《联合国海洋法公约》基本形成了中国海洋法制度体系,但也存在一些问题,如外国军舰在领海内无害通过的事先批准或事先通知的规定,对毗连区内的安全事项的管制和处罚的规定,专属经济区内军事活动的限制性实践,对一些重要问题和术语的模糊性等,受到他国的法律挑战。实际上,这些问题均是国际社会中有争议性的问题,因为无法就这些问题达成妥协和共识,所以只能采取模糊性和折衷性的规定,从而引发不同甚至对立的国家实践。要解决这些分歧和冲突,不仅需要各国对相关问题的丰富实践并修改国内海洋法制度,也需要通过双边和国际层面的努力以进一步修改和完善国际海洋法体系,以实现"依法治海"的目标。为此,中国需要自发和自觉地转换角色和定位,审议和研究国内海洋法制度,并为构筑符合时代要求的国际海洋法新制度做出持续的贡献。The system of the law of the sea in China has undergone four stages.The legal system in each stage enjoys different characteristics and plays an important role in ensuring the ocean security of China,promoting reform and opening-up,performing international obligations and forming the system of the law of the sea in China.The formation of these regimes of the law of the sea cannot be separated from the combination and implementation of some important ocean policies,which exert important impacts on stabilizing and resolving ocean disputes for China.Although China establishes a basic system of the law of the sea,there are some issues such as the regulations on the advance approval or notice required for a foreign warship’s innocent passage through the territorial seas,the regulations on the control and punishment of security-related activities in the contiguous zone,the practice of imposing limitation on military activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone,vagueness of some important issues and terms and so on,which are challenged by other countries’laws.In fact,these issues are controversial in international community and can only be regulated in a vague and eclectic way because a compromise and consensus cannot be reached,thus resulting in different even opposite national practices.In order to solve these controversial and conflicting issues,it is necessary for countries not only to enrich their practices on relevant issues and revise national laws of the sea,but also to further revise and improve international system of the law of the sea through bilateral and international efforts,so as to realize the goal of"law-based ocean governance".Therefore,China need initiatively and conscientiously transform its role and orientation,review and study its domestic laws of the sea,and make continuous contributions to the establishment of the new system of international law of the sea in line with the requirements of the era.

关 键 词：海洋法制度 海洋政策 若干问题 对策建议 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]