国际河流环境影响评价中的国家利益衡平  

The Balance of National Interests in Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment involving International Rivers

作　　者：何艳梅[1] HE Yanmei(Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 201701, China)

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院,上海201701

出　　处：《太平洋学报》2020年第8期27-42,共16页Pacific Journal

基　　金：上海市高原学科建设项目“上海政法学院法学-环境法学”。

摘　　要：对于可能产生重大跨界损害的国际河流或其他涉水开发项目,起源国需要在项目实施前进行跨界环境影响评价,这已经构成一项习惯国际法义务。跨界环评关涉到起源国和受影响国的各种正当利益及其冲突,需要进行利益衡平,其理论基础是利益分析理论和公平合理利用原则。在跨界水协议谈判和跨界环评实践中,为了应对国际河流流域面临的生态环境保护与经济社会发展的双重挑战、促进国际法义务的履行、预防国际争端、实现国家利益最大化,我国需要实施预防性外交政策,致力于与共同沿岸国建构国家利益的衡平机制和程序。其中立法利益之间的衡平路径包括签订和实施国际协定、优化国内立法。信息利益之间的衡平主要是确认通知和信息提供义务以及该义务的豁免情况。经济利益和环境利益之间的衡平方法包括:设定跨界环评的启动条件;就环评结果开展磋商;磋商结果没有法律约束力;开展项目实施后的跟踪评价;环评义务的有条件豁免;就受损利益获得救济等。In planning specific activities related to international rivers that could bring about significant adverse transboundary effects,transboundary environmental impact assessment(TEIA)has become a duty of customary international law for the planning state.TEIA involves many legitimate interests which need to be balanced.The theoretical basis of such balance is comprised of the theory of interest analysis and the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization.In the negotiation of agreements on transboundary waters as well as the practice of TEIA,China is supposed to undertake preventive diplomatic policy and contribute to the establishment of legal systems and procedures for the balance of national interests.In this way,it will address dual challenges of ecosystem protection and economic-social development confronted by many international river basins,promote the fulfillment of related duties of international law,maximize national interests,and prevent international disputes.The main paths to balance the legislative interests cover signing and performing international agreements,as well as improving domestic laws.Concerning the balance of information interests,it is essential to confirm the obligation of information provision and the exemption of the obligation.As for the balance of economic and environmental interests,methods are:setting prerequisites for TEIA;conducting consultations on the result of TEIA;undertaking follow-up TEIA after the implementation of planned activities;exempting the obligation of TEIA on certain conditions;obtaining aid and relief for interest infringement.

关 键 词：国际河流环评 起源国 受影响国 利益衡平 预防性外交 

分 类 号：D990[政治法律—国际法学]