草甘膦残留致烟草药害症状及成因分析  

Analysis of the Symptoms and Reason on Tobacco Caused by Glyphosate Residues

作　　者：刘亚磊 林伟 刘建阳[3] 徐茜[3] 张晓莲 房宽 王秀国[1] 张君 林卿[3] 刘通 LIU Ya-lei;LIN Wei;LIU Jian-yang;XU Xi;ZHANG Xiao-lian;FANG Kuan;WANG Xiu-guo;ZHANG Jun;LIN Qing;LIU Tong(Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Qingdao 266101,Shandong,China;Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Nanping Branch of Fujian Tobacco Company,Nanping 353000,Fujian,China;Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Daiyue District,Tai’an City,Shandong Province,Tai'an 271000,Shandong,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院烟草研究所,山东青岛266101 [2]中国农业科学院研究生院,北京100081 [3]福建省烟草公司南平市公司,福建南平353000 [4]山东省泰安市岱岳区农业农村局,山东泰安271000

出　　处：《农药》2020年第8期595-600,共6页Agrochemicals

基　　金：福建南平烟稻轮作区除草剂药害诊断与风险综合评估(NYK2016-01-03);高山区土传病害微生态调控关键技术研究与应用(NYK2017-07-03)。

摘　　要：[目的]草甘膦作为全球销量最大的农药品种,明确其导致烟草药害症状、引起药害的原因和剂量至关重要。[方法]通过室内盆栽试验和大田试验,结合农艺性状分析、残留量分析、药害部位激素含量分析等进行综合研究。[结果]草甘膦造成药害症状表现为顶部叶片丛生,叶片卷曲,出现白色点状药斑,底部叶片枯萎坏死,茎秆底部腐烂坏死,整个烟株黄化严重,烟株矮化,节距变短。草甘膦的施用剂量与药害存在明显的时间-剂量效应关系,即随着暴露时间的增加和施药剂量的增大,草甘膦残留对烟株生长发育抑制作用明显增加。产生药害烟叶内部生长素IAA、赤霉素GA3含量显著低于对照组,脱落酸ABA含量明显升高。草甘膦在烟叶以及土壤中降解过程均符合一级动力学方程,在土壤中的降解半衰期为14.4 d。[结论]草甘膦的降解速度较快,半衰期短,产生药害时在土壤中的临界浓度为391μg a.i./kg,在烟叶中的临界浓度为328.4μg a.i./kg,推荐安全间隔期为86 d。[Aims]Glyphosate is the pesticide with the largest sales in the world,it is critical to confirm the symptoms,reasons and dose causes on tobacco phytotoxicity caused by glyphosate.[Methods]The indoor potted plants and field tests were employed to conduct a comprehensive study on analysis of agronomic traits,residues,and hormone contents.[Results]Symptoms of glyphosate-induced phytotoxicity are clustering of top leaves,curling leaves,white spotted drug spots,withering and necrosis at the bottom leaves,and rot and necrosis at the bottom of the stems.There is a time-dose effect relationship between the application dose of glyphosate and pesticide damage,which is that the longer exposure time and the more application dose,the more obvious the inhibitory effect of glyphosate residue on the growth and development of tobacco plants.The contents of auxin IAA and GA3 in the tobacco leaves were significantly lower than those in the control group,and the ABA content significantly increased.The degradation process of glyphosate in tobacco leaves and soil conforms to the first-order kinetic equation,and the degradation half-life in soil is 14.4 d.[Conclusions]Glyphosate degrades quickly and has a short half-life.When it generates damages,the critical concentration is 391μg a.i./kg in the soil and 328.4μg a.i./kg in tobacco.The recommended safety interval is 86 d.

关 键 词：草甘膦 烟草 植物激素 药害 降解规律 

分 类 号：TQ450.2[化学工程—农药化工]