内蒙古河套灌区向日葵增产氮磷肥优化配施模式研究  

Optimizing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization to Improve Sunflower Yield in Hetao Irrigation District

作　　者：娄帅 杨树青[1] 刘瑞敏[1] 刘德平 LOU Shuai;YANG Shuqing;LIU Ruimin;LIU Deping(Water Conserwancy and Civil Engineering College,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohehot 010018,China;Water Conserwancy and Civil Engineering College,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特010018 [2]东北农业大学水利与土木工程学院,哈尔滨150030

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2020年第8期35-43,共9页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：国家自然科学重点基金项目(51539005);国家自然科学基金项目(51669019);内蒙古重点科技研发项目(201602049)。

摘　　要：【目的】减轻内蒙古河套灌区由于过量施肥造成的农田面源污染、提高当地的肥料利用率。【方法】采用当地常规作物向日葵进行3414部分试验,设置氮肥(0、120、240、360 kg/hm^2)和磷肥(0、52.5、105、157.5 kg/hm^2)肥各4个水平,以当地施肥(N:275 kg/hm^2、P:145 kg/hm^2)为对照,共15个处理,分析了土壤含水率、硝态氮质量浓度以及向日葵各器官全氮量、全磷量,在此基础上进行氮磷配比平衡施肥初步研究。【结果】氮磷配施条件下,施肥量较小时表现为协同促进作用,而施肥过多则表现为拮抗作用;高氮(高磷)处理会造成氮(磷)肥的奢侈施入,中氮中磷(N:240 kg/hm^2;P:105 kg/hm^2)配施则能显著降低土壤氮素残留,提高作物对肥料的回收利用率、生理利用率。相比对照处理,中氮中磷配施籽粒增产9.5%,氮、磷肥利用率分别提高了2.9%、3.8%,氮、磷肥的生理利用率分别增加了8.3、40 g/kg。【结论】中氮中磷(N:240 kg/hm^2,P:105 kg/hm^2)配施方式可以作为当地向日葵的优化施肥模式。【Background】Many farmers in Hetao Irrigation District apply excessive fertilizers as an insurance to ensure yields due to a lack of understanding of what the crops really need.This is not only a waste of fertilizers but could also give rise to water pollution and secondary salinization.Apparently,most research on fertilization has focused on water and nitrogen coupling and overlooked the importance of the combined effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.【Objective】This study aims to plug this knowledge gap by systemically studying nitrogen-phosphorus interaction in attempts to reduce non-point source pollution and improve fertilizers use efficiency.【Method】The experiment was conducted in a sunflower field,with four nitrogen fertilizer levels:0,120,240,360 kg/hm^2,and four phosphate fertilizer levels:0,52.5,105,157.5 kg/hm^2.Fertilization used by local farmers,N:275 kg/hm^2 and P:145 kg/hm^2,was taken as the control.Overall,we had 15 treatments.The optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application was estimated by comparing the sunflower yield,plant uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus,and fertilizers use efficiency of all treatments.We also examined the effect of all treatments on soil environment by comparing their associated residual nitrate in soil after harvest.【Result】The interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers changed from synergy to antagonism as their applications increased.Crop yield and plant nitrogen uptake change from increase,stagnation to decrease as nitrogen application increased,while the impact of phosphorus application on crop yield was concave-increasing first followed by a decline when phosphorus application exceeded a certain value.It was found that applying 240 kg/hm^2 of N and 105 kg/hm^2 of P substantially reduced residual nitrogen in soil and increased its uptake by the crop.In particular,compared with the control,it reduced nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application by12.7%and 27.6%respectively,while increasing yield by 9.5%and physiological utilization of ni

关 键 词：氮磷配施 肥料利用率 氮素平衡 氮素残留 

分 类 号：S143.1[农业科学—肥料学] S143.2[农业科学—农业基础科学]