不同灌溉方式下施用生物炭对土壤水盐运移规律及玉米水分利用效率的影响  

The Effects of Soil Amendment with Straw Biochar on Water and Salt Dynamics as Well as Water Use Efficiency of Corn under Different Irrigations

作　　者：贾咏霖 屈忠义[1] 丁艳宏 杨威 马贵仁 李争争 JIA Yonglin;QU Zhongyi;DING Yanhong;YANG Wei;MA Guiren;LI Zhengzheng(Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China;College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特010018 [2]西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2020年第8期44-51,共8页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51779117)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同灌溉方式下生物炭对土壤水盐运移特征、作物生长及水分利用效率的中长期综合影响效应,推荐适宜的灌溉方式和生物炭用量,为内蒙古河套灌区农田水资源高效利用及盐碱化耕地治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以灌溉方式、玉米秸秆生物炭用量为二因素,设计完全随机区组田间小区试验,共设置6个处理,其中灌溉方式为地下水滴灌、地下水畦灌、黄河水畦灌,生物炭用量为0、30 t/hm^2。生物炭在2016年玉米播种前施入土壤表面并通过旋耕机混入土壤耕层,2017年和2018年不再施用生物炭。2018年玉米生长季考察并分析不同灌溉条件-生物炭耦合处理下的土壤水分动态、降盐效果、玉米产量、蒸散量和水分利用效率。【结果】地下水滴灌条件下,与未施加生物炭的处理相比,施加生物炭的脱盐量增加13.3%,作物蒸散量提高10.5%,水分利用效率6.0%,产量提高3.5%。而畦灌条件下,施用生物炭的处理的脱盐量增加5.0%,蒸散量提高1.3%,产量提高4.8%,水分利用效率增加3.1%。【结论】生物炭施用后的第3年仍能抑制不同灌溉方式下玉米农田0~100 cm土壤的盐分积累,提高作物水分利用效率,增加作物产量,相比而言,膜下滴灌下施用30 t/hm^2的生物炭的节水降盐增产效果更优。【Background】Hetao Irrigation District is characterized by high soil salinization and low water use efficiency.Improving water use efficiency and alleviating soil salinity is essential to its sustainable development.【Objective】The objective of this paper is to investigate the efficacy of amending soil with corn-straw biochar on water and salt movement under different irrigations,as well as its consequence for crop growth and water use efficiency.【Method】The experiment was conducted in a corn field.The irrigations and biochar application were designed in the two-factor random block plots.There were three irrigations:drip irrigation with groundwater and furrow irrigation with groundwater and Yellow River water respectively,and two biochar application:0 and 30 t/hm^2.The biochar was applied to the soil surface in 2016 prior to planting followed by a mixture with the plough layer using a tiller.During the 2018 growth season,we measured soil moisture,soil salt content,corn yield,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in all treatments.【Result】Drip irrigation with biochar amendment increased desalination by 13.3%,evapotranspiration by 10.5%,water use efficiency by 6.0%,and yield by 3.5%,compared with the same irrigation but without biochar.Furrow irrigation with the biochar amendment increased soil desalination by 5.0%,the evapotranspiration by1.3%,corn yield by 4.8%,and water use efficiency by 3.1%,compared with those without amended by the biochar.【Conclusion】Three years after its amendment with soil,the biochar was still effective in alleviating salt accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil and improving water use efficiency and yield of the corn,irrespective of the irrigation method.Comparison showed that amending soil with 30 t/hm^2 of biochar coupled with film mulched drip irrigation was most effective in saving water,alleviating soil salinity and ultimately increasing yield.

关 键 词：不同灌溉条件 生物炭 中长期效应 脱盐量 土壤水分 产量构成要素 

分 类 号：S156.2[农业科学—土壤学] S152.71[农业科学—农业基础科学]