以卫治功:明朝对湖广土司的军事管治  

Function of Wei-suo System: the Ming Dynasty’s Military Administration of Huguang Tusi

作　　者：孙炜[1] 段超[2] SUN Wei;DUAN Chao(School of History and Culture,Xinyang Normal University,Xinyang,Henan 464000;South-Central Minzu University,Wuhan,Hubei 430074)

机构地区：[1]信阳师范学院历史文化学院,河南信阳464000 [2]中南民族大学,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第4期109-119,共11页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“南方少数民族国家认同与民族团结的历史文献整理与研究”(项目编号:17ZDA154)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：卫所制度是明朝最重要的军事制度,利用卫所加强对土司的军事震慑是明朝管治湖广土司的重要举措之一。自元末至洪武时期,朱元璋在毗邻湖广土司区设置了常德、辰州、沅州、羊山、崇山、大庸、施州、九溪、永定、清浪、镇远等卫,以及黔江、大田、大庸、澧州、安福、添平、麻寮、镇溪等守御千户所。据统计,这些卫所定额官兵总数为五万八千二百五十三名,分布在卫所城内及其下设关、隘、堡各处。卫所城是管治土司的重要军事据点,与各土司治所的距离皆在五百里之内,有些甚至在土司腹心区;关、隘或堡则设在土司出入要道上,是震慑土司的前沿阵地。这些机构相互配合,形成了包围、渗透湖广土司的网络格局。湖广土司毗邻卫所的职责主要有三:其一是镇守经制府县地区,防止土司或寇盗侵扰滋乱;其二是招徕"蛮民",引导土司区民众投诚、朝贡;其三是震慑土司,防止或镇压土司反抗。各卫所能够独立履职,但也经常联合行动。明朝中后期总兵官地位下降,荆瞿守备、九永守备、镇筸参将等职官地位上升,统领各卫所防治土司。本文从国家管治土司的视角,研究湖广土司毗邻卫所群体,理清了其设置历程、分布格局及职责履行情况,这对于阐释明朝如何利用卫所有效管治湖广土司具有重要价值,也有利于理解明朝"以卫治功"的管治思想。The system of Wei-suo is the most important military system in the Ming Dynasty,and it is an important measure for the Ming Dynasty to govern the Huguang Tusi by using Wei-suo to strengthen the military deterrent towards Tusi.From the end of Yuan Dynasty to the period of Hongwu,Zhu Yuanzhang set up Changde,Chenzhou,Yuanzhou,Yangshan,Chongshan,Dayong,Shizhou,Jiuxi,Yongding,Qinglang,Zhenyuan and other Wei-suo around Huguang Tusi,as well as Qianjiang,Datian,Dayong,Lizhou,Anfu,Tianping,Maliu and Zhenxi defending Qianhu-suo.All these Wei-suo are located within five hundred miles away from each Tusi,forming an encirclement and encrochment of the domain of Huguang Tusi.According to statistics,the above-mentioned Wei-suo have a total of 58,253 regular officers and soldiers,distributed in the affiliated gates,pass,and fort.Under the guard of the garrison,Wei-suo is the important military position to govern the Tusi,while the gate and pass or fort are front positions to govern the Tusi.The officers and soldiers of the Wei-suo conduct farming when no war occurred,and fight and defend when war happened,and they do regular military practices,with three main duties as follows:the first is to guard against harassment of Tusi or thieves;the second is to attract " barbarians" and guide the people of Tusi to surrender and pay tribute;the third is to deter Tusi,prevent and suppress the TusiJ s resistance.In the Ming Dynasty,Wei-so that situated near the domain of Huguang Tusi played important role in stabilizing the situation in the area and even expanding the influence in Sichuan and Yunnan.When there were large-scale resistance in the Tusi district,the Ming Dynasty sent the chief military officer to coordinate the command of Wei-suo to suppress,while the officer would return to the court and soldiers back to Wei-suo after the war.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,after the decline of the rank of chief military officer,the position and function of officials such as Jingqu Shoubei,Jiuyong Shoubei and Zhenxing Shen General were en

关 键 词：明朝 湖广土司 卫所 军事管治 

分 类 号：K248􀆰[历史地理—历史学]