中国古代抚恤制度与思考  

Discussion and Thinking on Comfort and Compensation System in Ancient China

作　　者：柏桦 Bai Hua

机构地区：[1]安徽理工大学马克思主义学院、人文社会科学学院

出　　处：《中国人事科学》2020年第8期76-84,共9页Chinese Personnel Science

摘　　要：历代的抚恤被称为"恤典",是国家对在职文武官吏及胥吏兵丁因公或因私死伤的救济和抚慰,也包括退休的官员。历代根据不同情况和官吏等级,采用不同的抚恤方法,乃是职官管理制度的重要构成。抚恤制度涉及死事、伤残、救济抚慰,以及抚恤管理等方面的内容。死事有殉职、战死、在职身亡等区别,伤残有重伤、轻伤的认定,救济抚慰有一次、多次、终其身、安其后等办法,抚恤管理有抚恤等级确定、抚恤金发放、受抚恤人员父母妻儿安置、抚恤对象的监督等方面制度。古代抚恤制度的实施,不仅是一般意义上的死伤抚恤,而且是激励与安抚在职人员尽忠职守,减少他们的后顾之忧。君主专制与官僚政治相结合,导致历代抚恤制度不能正常实行,非但不能慰死抚伤,还有可能导致整个政治制度运转不灵,使更多的人不能与朝廷同心同德。Comfort and compensation in the past dynasties were called "Xudian", which were the relief and comfort from the state for the death and injury of the civil and military officials and the petty officials and soldiers on duty or for personal reasons, including retired officials. According to different situations and levels of officials, different comfort and compensation methods were adopted in successive dynasties, which were an important component of the official management system. A comfort and compensation system involved death, disability, relief and comfort, as well as comfort and compensation management and other aspects. Death included death in line of duty, death in battles, death in service, etc.;disability included serious injury and minor injury;relief and comfort included one-time relief and comfort, multiple-time relief and comfort, life-long relief and comfort, resettlement of posterity, etc.;comfort and compensation management included comfort and compensation level determination, pension payment, resettlement of parents and children of those to be comforted and compensated, supervision of objects of comfort and compensation, etc. The implementation of the ancient comfort and compensation system not only was comfort and compensation for death and injury in the general sense, but also was to encourage and appease the people on duty to devote themselves to their duties and reduce their worries. The combination of autocratic monarchy and bureaucratic politics had led to the failure of the comfort and compensation system in the past dynasties to be implemented normally, which not only couldn’t comfort the dead and heal the wounded, but possibly caused the failure of the whole political system, so that more people couldn’t be of one heart and one mind with the imperial court.

关 键 词：古代 抚恤制度 古代吏治 

分 类 号：D035.2[政治法律—政治学]