清代赣南土客“冒籍”之争与“恩户”的设置  

“Mao-Ji”Conflict and the Establishment of“En-Hu”of Tu Ethnic in Southern Jiangxi Province in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：熊昌锟[1] 夏静 XIONG Chang-kun;XIA Jing(Institute of Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100836;Department of History,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院经济研究所,北京100836 [2]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第3期139-148,共10页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：明末清初的社会动乱使得明初在基层设立的里甲制度名存实亡,此前固定的生活格局逐渐被打破,社会流动性大为增强。大量移民前往地旷人稀的赣南,寻求生机。移民在经济实力上升的同时,希望通过科考实现身份认同和社会地位的提高,因为学额与本地人产生利益冲突,本地人状告移民童生"冒籍"等矛盾应运而生。清初政府在赣南本地民户中另立新户——"恩户",这既是地方征收钱粮的新手段,却也成为移民伪冒他户的可能途径。雍正年间设置的恩户数量有限,乾隆以后户数增多,逐渐成为一种与民籍并列的户籍形式,反映着基层社会的新变动。随着基层秩序的剧烈变化,国家处理基层问题的方式也随之而变。The social unrest in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties caused the Lijia system that emerged from the grass-roots level in the early Ming Dynasty to parish,which resulted in the dismantle of the previous stabilized living pattern,and the enhancing social mobility. A large number of immigrants moved to the sparsely populated southern Guangxi region for survival. While the economic strength of immigrants is enhanced,they hope to elevate their identification and social position through passing the imperial examination to gain official rankings. The conflict of interest between the school students and the indigenous people emerged,as a result of such competition for limited admission quota as the indigenous people complained against the immigrant children’s "fabricating their birth of origin"( Mao-Ji). At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,the government set up a new household registration system named "benefactor households"( En-Hu)in the indigenous people’s households in southern Guangxi,which is not only a new levy for local collection of money and grain,but also a possible way for immigrants to fabricate their identity from other households.During Emperor Yongzheng’s reign,there were limited number of benefactor households,and the number surged during Qianlong period,becoming a widely accepted household registration system,reflecting the grassroots social mobility. With the drastic changes in social order at the grass-roots level,the way the state deals with grass-roots problems also changes accordingly.

关 键 词：清代 赣南 “冒籍” 恩户 

分 类 号：K249.2[历史地理—历史学]