美国生物防御战略分析  

A Study of the American National Biodefense Strategy

作　　者：王萍 WANG Ping

机构地区：[1]国防科技大学国际关系学院国际关系与战略系,南京210039

出　　处：《国际展望》2020年第5期138-156,162,共20页Global Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“海上丝绸之路地缘安全及其风险管控研究”(18ZDA130);国防科技大学2019年度校科研计划重点项目“美国特朗普政府核战略调整与中美战略稳定”(JS18-02-08)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：为应对生物安全风险,构建系统有效的生物风险防范和防御机制,特朗普政府于2018年出台了《国家生物防御战略》。该战略将自然形成的生物安全危机、恐怖分子实施的蓄意生物袭击和意外发生的生物事故视为生物安全威胁的三大主要来源。该战略还将生物风险防御分为生物威胁发生前、发生时和发生后三个阶段五大核心工作进行应对,即在平时确立生物威胁风险意识,确保拥有预防生物威胁的能力;生物威胁发生时要降低负面影响,建立快速反应机制;生物威胁发生后则要能够迅速进行灾后重建。该战略意欲在强化纵向联动与横向协调、促进战略实施和倡导“同一健康”理念方面有所作为。但是,新冠肺炎疫情在美国的肆虐暴露出该战略的“同一健康”理念受到忽视、生物风险防御领导框架不合理、创新意识受到抑制、生物风险防御目标错位等问题。可以预见,美国政府会在一定程度上吸取本轮疫情的教训,对生物防御战略进行纠偏,但其争夺和维持生物领域霸权的目标不会改变。The Trump administration issued its National Biodefense Strategy in 2018 to forestall biosecurity risks and build a comprehensive and effective prevention and defense mechanism.According to this strategy,biological threats can be naturally occurring,deliberate,or accidental in origin.The strategy set five goals to counter biological threats and incidents:enabling risk awareness to inform decision-making across the biodefense enterprise;ensuring biodefense enterprise capabilities to prevent bioincidents;ensuring biodefense enterprise preparedness to reduce the impacts of bioincidents;rapidly responding to limit the impacts of bioincidents;and facilitating recovery to restore the community,the economy,and the environment after a bioincident.The strategy seeks to strengthen vertical linkage and horizontal coordination,enhance strategic implementation by promoting innovation and advocating the concept of“One Health,”so as to meet the biological challenges facing the United States.However,the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States in March 2020 has exposed many problems.For example,the“One Health”concept is seriously ignored;the leadership framework of biological risk prevention is inefficient;and innovation is inhibited.The U.S.government will draw lessons from the pandemic and adjust its biodefense strategy,but preserving primacy in biotechnology will remain Washington’s consistent goal.

关 键 词：生物防御战略 生物安全危机 生物恐怖主义美国 新冠肺炎 疫情 

分 类 号：D771.235[政治法律—政治学]