氮、钾肥运筹对棉花熟性、产量和肥料利用率的影响  

Effects of nitrogen and potassium application on earliness,yield and fertilizer efficiency of cotton

作　　者：齐海坤 李芳军 孟璐 杜萌 杜明伟 徐东永 田晓莉 李召虎 QI Haikun;LI Fangjun;MENG Lu;DU Meng;DU Mingwei;XU Dongyong;TIAN Xiaoli;LI Zhaohu(Crop Chemical Control Research Center/College of Agronomy and Biotechndogy,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Research Center for Cotton Seed Engineering Technology,Hejian 062450,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学农学院/作物化控研究中心,北京100193 [2]河北省棉花种子工程技术研究中心,河北河间0624502

出　　处：《河北农业大学学报》2020年第4期1-9,共9页Journal of Hebei Agricultural University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0201300).

摘　　要：为明确黄淮流域棉区高密种植下适宜的氮、钾肥运筹策略,试验于2017年在北京上庄与河北河间开展,采用裂区设计,主区包括‘鲁棉研28’和‘欣抗4’2个品种;裂区为肥料运筹,设基肥与蕾肥、初花肥、盛花肥配合(上庄点基追比为4∶6、河间点为6∶4)和蕾期、初花期、盛花期一次性追肥共6个处理,N和K2O总用量均为150 kg/hm^2,以不施肥为对照(CK),种植密度为9.0万株/hm^2。结果表明:基施氮肥(60~90 kg N/hm^2)和钾肥(60~90 kg K2O/hm^2)可促进棉花花芽分化、使果枝始节下降0.3个节位。施用氮肥降低了棉花后期吐絮率、延迟了成熟,可能主要与中、下部果枝的外围铃(第3果节及以外)比例较高有关;施用钾肥对吐絮率无显著影响。无论氮肥还是钾肥,盛花期一次追肥的产量最高,分别较CK增产15.8%和17.0%,其农学利用率和偏生产力也最高。黄河流域高密度种植条件下,当N和K2O的施用量为150 kg/hm^2时,以盛花期一次性追施的效果最好;成铃分布较果枝始节对棉花熟期的影响更大。需采取有效措施优化成铃结构,避免因施肥(尤其是氮肥)导致晚熟。为建立机采棉丰产优质早熟栽培措施提供依据。The purpose of this study is to clarify the appropriate strategies for nitrogen and potassium application at higher population of cotton(90000 plants/hm^2)in the Yellow River basin.Field study was conducted at Shangzhuang,Beijing and Hejian,Hebei in 2017,consisted of two independent experiments of nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)application.The split-plot design was adopted.The main plots were assigned to two cotton varieties of‘SCRC 28’and‘Xinkang 4’,and the split plots were assigned to fertilizer management strategies,including split application at pre-plant stage,squaring stage,early blooming stage,full blooming stage and one-time application at squaring stage,early blooming stage,and full blooming stage,with zero fertilizers as the control(CK).The ratio of pre-plant application to post-plant application was 4∶6 at Shangzhuang,Beijing and 6∶4 at Hejian,Hebei.Both total N and total K2O application was 150 kg/hm^2.The results indicated that pre-plant of either N or K2O(60-90 kg/hm^2)could enhance the flower initiation of cotton plants and decreased the first fruiting node by 0.3 node.However,N application caused a delay of maturity,which may be associated with the more bolls set on the third and beyond fruit sites in terms of lower and middle fruiting branches.Potassium application did not influence the maturity.The one-time application of either N or K2O at full blooming stage produced the greatest yield,15.8%and 17.0%higher than CK respectively.In addition,this type of application strategy showed the highest agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity compared with other treatments.Therefore,we recommend a one-time N and K2O application at full blooming stage for cotton production in the Yellow River valley region when total N and K2O were 150 kg/hm^2 and plant population was higher at 90000 plants/hm^2.Moreover,the spatial pattern of cotton bolls was more important than the first fruiting node for cotton earliness.Growers may need to take effective measures to increase the boll set on the firs

关 键 词：棉花 氮肥 钾肥 果枝始节 吐絮率 产量 农学利用率 偏生产力 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]