蓄水坑灌下施肥管理方式对土壤矿质氮分布及苹果产量的影响  

Effect of Fertilization Management on Distribution of Soil Mineral Nitrogen and Apple Yield Under Water Storage Pit Irrigation

作　　者：程奇云[1] 马娟娟[1] 任荣[1] 郑利剑 郭向红[1] 孙西欢[1,2] CHENG Qi-yun;MA Juan-juan;REN Rong;ZHENG Li-jian;GUO Xiang-hong;SUN Xi-huan(School of Water Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024,China;Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi Province, China)

机构地区：[1]太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院,太原030024 [2]晋中学院,山西晋中030619

出　　处：《节水灌溉》2020年第9期75-78,83,共5页Water Saving Irrigation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51579168,51109154);山西省自然科学基金(201601D011053)。

摘　　要：为了探究蓄水坑灌下不同施肥管理方式下土壤矿质氮及肥料氮素的分布规律,并为苹果园氮肥管理方式的优选提供参考,本试验设置4个处理,包括两个施氮量水平(300;600 kg/hm^2),两个施肥次数(单次施肥;两次施肥)以及两种灌溉方式(地面灌溉;蓄水坑灌)。通过苹果园原位试验,检测不同土层中氨氮和硝氮的含量,同时利用15N同位素示踪技术,检测不同土层中的肥料氮素的丰度,分析土壤中肥料氮素的分布规律,以及不同灌溉施肥管理方式下,苹果产量的响应。结果表明:①蓄水坑灌条件下,施肥量的增加明显提高0~60 cm土层氨氮含量和80~160 cm土层硝氮含量;而分次施用可以有效减少氨氮的大量累积,同时也可以在一定程度上增加硝氮含量。土壤氨氮和硝氮均主要集中于土壤中层,分别占比52.87和56.06。蓄水坑灌法促进土壤矿质氮集中于苹果根系吸收层。②地面灌溉条件下,肥料氮素主要集中于0~60 cm土层中。蓄水坑灌处理中,肥料氮素明显向下扩散,0~100 cm土壤中肥料氮素占比95.75。蓄水坑灌可以有效促使肥料氮素扩散至中层土壤,并显著减少0~40 cm浅层土壤肥料氮素累积。③相较于地面灌溉,蓄水坑灌可以有效提高产量,约13.7。同时,可以提高可溶性固形物含量,约29.8。因此,在试验条件下,最优施肥管理方式为中施氮量(300 kg/hm^2)同时采用两次施肥的管理方式。In order to explore the distribution law of soil mineral nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen under different fertilization management modes under water storage pit irrigation(WSPI),and provide reference for the optimal selection of nitrogen fertilizer management mode in apple orchard,four treatments were set up in this experiment,including two nitrogen application levels(300 and 600 kg/hm^2),two fertilization times(single application and double application)and two irrigation methods(surface irrigation and water storage pit irrigation).The content of ammonia and nitrate in different soil layers was detected by in-situ test of apple orchard,the abundance of fertilizer nitrogen in different soil layers was detected by using 15N isotope tracer technology,and the distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in soil was analyzed,as well as the response of apple yield under different irrigation and fertilization management modes.The results showed that:①under the condition of water storage pit irrigation,the ammonia nitrogen content in 0~60 cm soil layer and nitrate nitrogen content in 80~160 cm soil layer were significantly increased with the increase of fertilizer application.Double application could effectively reduce the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen and increase the nitrate content to some extent.Soil ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were mainly concentrated in the middle layer of soil,accounting for 52.87%and 56.06%respectively.Pit irrigation promoted concentration of soil mineral nitrogen in the apple root resorption layer.②Under surface irrigation,fertilizer nitrogen was mainly concentrated in the 0~60 cm soil layer.In the water storage pit irrigation treatment,the fertilizer nitrogen obviously diffused downward,and the fertilizer nitrogen accounted for 95.75%in the 0~100 cm soil.Pit irrigation could effectively promote the spread of fertilizer nitrogen to the middle soil layer and significantly reduce the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in shallow soil of 0~40 cm.③Compared with surface irrigation,WSPI cou

关 键 词：蓄水坑灌 施肥量 施肥次数 15N同位素 苹果产量及品质 

分 类 号：S275.9[农业科学—农业水土工程]