作者、资源、读者:叙事的修辞诗学  

Authors, Resources, Audiences: Toward a Rhetorical Poetics of Narrative

作　　者：詹姆斯·费伦 聂宝玉[2,3] James Phelan;NIE Baoyu

机构地区：[1]Ohio State University,Columbus,USA 43210 [2]河南农业大学外国语学院,河南郑州450046 [3]河南大学文学院,河南开封475001

出　　处：《外语研究》2020年第4期1-8,112,共9页Foreign Languages Research

摘　　要：本文通过讨论叙事交流阐述了修辞诗学的基本原则。首先,笔者建议用ARA(作者、资源、读者)模式取代西摩·查特曼的叙事交流模式。ARA模型将作者和读者视为叙事交流的两个常量,将叙事中的文本元素视为变量。因此,作者可以安排一个叙事者也可以不安排,可以把事件定位在一定的空间中也可以不在,这取决于作者对哪些资源是实现其交流目的所需的评估。该模型还表明,作者和读者在交流中都有代理,作者可以选择建立多种交流渠道,并在渠道之间构建协同作用。读者通过影响作者的选择来发挥他们的代理作用。在亚里士多德所谈论的“可能的不可能性”和笔者所谈论的“跨界叙事”中,作者和读者的双重代理作用明显。在此情况中,作者违悖了事件和叙事的普遍可能性,读者要么没有注意到,要么不介意,因为叙事所展开的进程使得这一违悖现象为叙事整体增添了价值。概括而言,作者所构建的叙事进程将文本动力和阅读动力如此紧密地交织在一起,以至于阅读动力不仅成为文本动力的结果,而且往往成为文本动力的推动力量。This essay lays out the key principles of rhetorical poetics by making several interrelated arguments about narrative communication. First, it proposes to replace Seymour Chatman’s widely-influential model of narrative communication with what this essay calls the ARA model (authors, resources, audiences). The ARA model views authors and audiences as the two constants of narrative communication, and it views the text-based elements of narrative as the variable resources. Thus, an author may or may not choose to deploy a narrator or to locate the events in space, depending on the author’s assessment of which resources are necessary and desirable for accomplishing their communicative purposes in relation to the audience. The model also signals that both authors and audiences have agency in the communication. Authors can choose to set up multiple channels of communication and they can establish synergies among those channels. Audiences exert their agency by influencing these authorial choices. The dual agency of authors and audiences becomes apparent in cases of what Aristotle calls “probable impossibilities” and in what this essay calls instances of “crossover narration.” In these cases, authors violate the normal probability of events and of narration and audiences neither notice nor mind the violation because the unfolding progression of the narrative makes the violation add value to the narrative as a whole. More generally, authors often construct narrative progressions that so deeply intertwine textual and readerly dynamics that readerly dynamics become not only a consequence of textual dynamics but also a force that shapes them.

关 键 词：修辞诗学 “作者-资源-读者”模式 叙事交流 文本动力 读者动力 

分 类 号：H315.9[语言文字—英语]