《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》语境下气候移民的法律地位及其人权保护  

The Legal Status of Climate Change Induced Migrants and the Protection of Their Human Rights under theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

作　　者：李将 LI Jiang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《人权》2020年第3期146-166,共21页Human Rights

摘　　要：气候变化对人类享有和实现人权形成了严重且紧迫的威胁。国际社会应对气候变化的法律进程在气候变化法和人权法双重路径下展开。在人权法路径下,应对气候变化的国际义务的产生机制尚不明确,既有人权延伸于气候变化领域的规范路径也不清晰。联合国人权事务委员会在具有标志性的"泰提奥塔案"中初步回应了上述不确定性。该委员会确认气候移民能够取得《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》之下的"受害者"地位,并阐释了气候变化触发成员国"不推回"义务的法律条件。基于生命权及环境人权的一般法理,委员会认定气候变化构成对生命权,尤其是个人获得"有尊严生活"权利的严重威胁,为此,成员国被要求履行尊重与确保生命权的积极义务。与此同时,委员会关于气候变化的法理也显示出了保守特征。Climate change has been posing serious and pressing threats to the enjoyment and realization of human rights.The international community’s legal responses to climate change have unfolded through the dual pathways of climate change laws and human rights laws.Under the path of human rights laws,the generation of international obligations in climate change adaptation is not yet clear.Neither is the normative connection between existing human rights and climate change.In the landmark case of Ioane Teitiota v.New Zealand,the UN Human Rights Committee(HRC)responded initially to the aforementioned uncertainties.The UNHRC confirmed that climate change induced migrants(CCIM)may be entitled to the"victims"status under the ICCPR,and explained the"non-refoulement"obligations of member states towards CCIM.Based on the general jurisprudence of the right to life and environmental human rights,the UNHRC held further that climate change constituted a serious threat to the right to life,particularly the individuals’right to lead"a life with dignity".As a corollary,the member states were requested to fulfill their positive obligations to respect and ensure the full enjoyment of the right to life by individuals who had been adversely affected by climate change.Meanwhile,the rationale elaborated by the UNHRC on climate change also showed a conservative feature.

关 键 词：公民权利和政治权利国际公约 气候变化 气候移民 “不推回”义务 生命权 

分 类 号：D815.7[政治法律—国际关系]