减量施氮对渭北旱地春玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量的影响  

Effects of reduced nitrogen application on yield,nitrogen utilization of spring maize and soil nitrate content in Weibei dryland,Northwest China

作　　者：刘朋召 王旭敏 宁芳 雒文鹤 张琦 张元红 李军[1,2] LIU Peng-zhao;WANG Xu-min;NING Fang;LUO Wen-he;ZHANG Qi;ZHANG Yuan-hong;LI Jun(College of Agronomy,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau,Ministry of Agriculture,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2020年第8期2621-2629,共9页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02);国家高技术研究发展计划项目(2013AA102902)资助。

摘　　要：为确定渭北旱地春玉米减肥增效的科学生产模式,于2016—2019年在陕西合阳县实施旱地春玉米田间定位施肥试验。以郑单958和陕单8806为试验品种,设置5个施氮量处理,分别为360(N360,当地农户常规施氮量)、270(N270)、150~180(N150-180)、75~90(N75-90)和0 kg·hm^-2(N0),分析减量施氮处理下春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用及硝态氮残留状况。结果表明:1)与N360处理相比,两个品种在N150-180处理下籽粒产量增加0.9%~7.1%,吸氮量降低4.1%~4.6%,平均氮肥回收利用率、偏生产力和农学效率分别提高79.3%~83.6%、105.9%~157.7%和101.9%~114.1%;2)在高施氮量(大于180 kg·hm^-2)处理下,硝态氮残留量显著增加;降雨不足显著降低玉米需氮量,导致氮素残留量增加。经过4年定位试验0~200 cm土层硝态氮含量高达504.7~620.8 kg·hm^-2,在80~140 cm土层出现累积峰,存在硝态氮淋失风险。根据年际间玉米籽粒产量表现、肥料利用效率和硝态氮残留状况综合评价,渭北旱地春玉米田适宜氮肥用量为150~180 kg N·hm^-2。To get a scientific pattern for nitrogen-reducing and efficiency-increasing production of spring maize in Weibei dryland,we conducted an in-situ field experiment of spring maize(Zhengdan 958 and Shaandan 8806)under dryland farming from 2016 to 2019 in Heyang County,located in Weibei dryland of Shaanxi.There were five nitrogen(N)treatments,including 360 kg·hm^-2(N360,a rate commonly adopted by local farm households),270 kg·hm^-2(N270),150-180 kg·hm^-2(N150-180),75-90 kg·hm^-2(N75-90)and 0 kg·hm^-2(N0).We investigated the effects of reduced nitrogen application on maize yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization of spring maize and soil nitrate residue.The results showed that:1)Maize yield of both varieties at N150-180 was increased by 0.9%-7.1%and nitrogen uptake was decreased by 4.1%-4.6%,while average reco-very efficiency,partial-factor productivity and agronomic efficiency of N at N150-180 were increased by 79.3%-83.6%,105.9%-157.7%,and 101.9%-114.1%compared with those at N360,respectively.2)The contents of residual nitrate increased significantly when nitrogen application rate was more than 180 kg·hm^-2,while nitrogen uptake was significantly reduced under rainfall shortage,and thus resulted in increasing soil residual nitrogen.After four-year treatments,the residual nitrate was up to 504.7-620.8 kg·hm^-2 in 0-200 cm soil layer,with a peak in 80-140 cm soil layer.There was a risk of nitrate leaching.According to the comprehensive evaluation for annual yield,nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrate residue,the optimum N application rate was recommended to be 150-180 kg N·hm^-2 for spring maize in Weibei dryland.

关 键 词：减量施氮 渭北旱地 春玉米 产量 氮素利用 硝态氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S153.6