中国及欧美主要国家化肥施用强度与综合效率比较研究  

Comparative study on fertilization intensity and integrated efficiency in China and Euro-American major countries

作　　者：刘钦普[1] 孙景荣[1] 濮励杰[2] Liu Qinpu;Sun Jingrong;Pu Lijie(Research Group of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nanjing Xiaozhuang University,Nanjing 211171,China;School of Geography and Ocean Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China)

机构地区：[1]南京晓庄学院环境科学与工程重点学科组,南京211171 [2]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京210093

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2020年第14期9-16,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(41230751);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41871083);南京市环境科学与工程重点学科项目(2017-2020)。

摘　　要：提出化肥施用相对产出率和综合效率的计算模型,基于联合国粮农组织数据,对中国和7个欧美主要国家(英国、法国、德国、西班牙、意大利、美国和加拿大)的化肥施用强度和综合效率进行比较研究。结果表明:1961—2017年,中国化肥施用强度呈快速波动增长的趋势,从3.1 kg/hm^2增加到2014年的高峰值338.2 kg/hm^2后降低至315.1 kg/hm^2;欧洲5国化肥施用强度都呈现"上升—下降—上升—平稳"的波动变化,波动幅度按西班牙、意大利、法国、德国、英国依次增大,各国高峰值依次为169.0、235.0、438.3、503.4、594.9 kg/hm^2;美国和加拿大呈现小幅度波动上升的变化,高峰值分别约为213.7、140.1 kg/hm^2。8个国家的化肥施用强度趋于围绕国际公认的化肥安全施用上限225 kg/hm^2,约在120~350 kg/hm^2的范围内聚集和稳定。就化肥施用综合效率对比,西班牙基本上一直为最低水平;中国和加拿大由最高波动下降至法意德美英5国之下;该5国的综合效率2010年前皆呈增长趋势,此后则快速下降至平稳波动;2010年以来,综合效率的大小排序基本上是法国、意大利、德国、美国、英国、中国、西班牙、加拿大,综合效率平均值分别为0.88、0.85、0.81、0.71、0.67、0.57、0.54、0.49。法国是化肥施用强度中等、综合效率高、粮食产量高、施肥安全的国家,可为中国实现化肥施用负增长提供借鉴。Optimal fertilizer application with sustaining grain yield is a goal of modern agriculture development.Understanding the fertilizer application history of developed countries is helpful to provide lessons for fertilizer application in China.In this study,the concepts and calculation method of Fertilization Relative Output Rate(FRO),Yield Scale Coefficient(YS)and Fertilization Integrated Efficiency(FIE)were proposed to compare Fertilization Intensity(FI)and integrated efficiency of China and Euro-American countries of UK,Germany,France,Italy,Spain,US and Canada based on the data of fertilizer amount and grain yield in 1961—2017 from FAOSTAT.The FI was defined as ratio of fertilizer amount to harvested area.FRO was defined as ratio of Fertilizer Output(FO)to the maximum fertilizer output.FIE was the square root of product of YS and FRO and YS was the ratio of yield to the maximum yield of crops.The results showed that the FI value in China was increased rapidly with small fluctuation from 3.1 kg/hm2 in 1961 upon the peak of 338.2 kg/hm2 in 2014 and to 315.1 kg/hm2 in 2017.The FI values from 1961 to 2017 in five European countries of Spain,Italy,France,Germany and UK were in a similar pattern of“increase-decrease-increase-stable”and the peak values of these countries occurred in 1998(169.0 kg/hm2),1987(235.0 kg/hm2),1983(438.3 kg/hm2),1988(503.4 kg/hm2),1983(594.9 kg/hm2),respectively.The FI values in US and Canada were slowly increased as immigrant countries with small fluctuations and reached peaks of 213.7 kg/hm2 in 1993 and 140.1 kg/hm2 in 2011,respectively.The FI values of eight countries fluctuated around 225 kg/hm2(the internationally recognized fertilization safety threshold)between the range from 120 kg/hm2 to 350 kg/hm2.China,Canad and Italy had the highest FRO values respectively in the periods of 1963—1989,1990—2001,2002—2017,respectively,but the UK’s values of FRO were mostly at the lowest level from 1963 to 2017.The rank of FRO values for eight countries after 2010 from high to low was It

关 键 词：农业 化肥 化肥施用强度 相对产出率 综合效率 欧美主要国家 

分 类 号：X592[环境科学与工程—环境工程]