有机肥替代化肥对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响  

Effects of replacing of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize in rainfed farming areas of central Gansu,China

作　　者：王嘉男 谢军红[1] 李玲玲[1] 王林林 康彩睿 郭喜军 彭正凯[1] 王进斌 Zechariah Effa WANG Jia-nan;XIE Jun-hong;LI Ling-ling;WANG Lin-lin;KANG Cai-rui;GUO Xi-jun;PENG Zheng-kai;WANG Jin-bin;Zechariah Effa(Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid Land Crop Sciences,College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《甘肃农业大学学报》2020年第4期29-36,42,共9页Journal of Gansu Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31761143004);甘肃省教育厅项目(2017C-12);十二五国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B04-3);甘肃省国际科技合作基地项目(GSPT-2018-56).

摘　　要：【目的】为实现陇中旱农区玉米持续高产和化肥减量双重目标.【方法】以不施肥(T1)为对照,按照施氮量N 200 kg/hm^2设计了不同有机肥替代比例:50%有机肥替代(T2)、37.5%有机肥替代(T3)、25%有机肥替代(T4)、12.5%有机肥替代(T5)、单施化肥(T6),共6个处理,研究了有机肥替代化肥对陇中旱农区玉米产量、干物质积累及光合作用相关指标的影响.【结果】与单施化肥相比,增加有机肥替代比例会削减光合作用;有机肥肥效迟缓,在玉米生长早期,有机肥替代比例的增加降低叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,后期处理间差距缩小;有机替代比例的提高降低干物质量,但增加籽粒干物质分配率;用有机肥替代部分化肥,玉米生物产量一定程度上会下降,但籽粒产量反而略有增加,50%替代比例的籽粒产量及穗数、穗粒数、百粒质量与单施化肥无显著差异.【结论】50%的有机肥替代比例能更好地优化叶面积、叶绿素和光合作用在玉米产量形成中的关系,促进光合产物向籽粒转运,从而提高玉米籽粒产量.因此,陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,确保玉米持续高产且减少化肥施用是可行的,建议施氮200 kg/hm^2左右,50%左右的氮用有机肥替代为宜.【Objective】To achieve the dual goals of sustainable high yield of maize and reduction of fertilizer application in arid farming areas of central Gansu,China.【Method】N fertilization(N 200 kg/hm^2)was used as 100%chemical fertilization to design 5 treatments based on organic fertilizer replacing percentage(50%,T2;37.5%,T3;25%,T4;12.5%,T5;and 100%chemical fertilizer as T6)with zero fertilization as control(T1)to study the effects of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer on dry matter accumulation,yield and photosynthetic index of maize in arid farming areas of central Gansu.【Result】Compared to 100%chemical fertilizer,the photosynthetic efficiency of maize reduced along with the increase of replacement ratio of organic fertilizer.The effect of organic fertilizer was slow,in the early growth stage of maize,the increase of the replacement ratio of organic fertilizer reduced the chlorophyll content and leaf area index,but the difference became small in the later growth stage.The increase of organic fertilizer replacement ratio reduced the dry matter quality,but increased the dry matter distribution rate of grain;when organic fertilizer was used to replace some chemical fertilizers,he biological yield of maize decreased to some extent,but the grain yield increased slightly.There was no significant difference in grain yield,ear number,kernel number per ear and hundred-grain weight between 50%substitution treatment and 100%chemical fertilizer.【Conclusion】It is feasible to ensure continuous high yield of maize and reduce chemical fertilizer application based on applying whole plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow sowing technology to cultivate maize in arid farming areas of central Gansu.The suggested N application scheme is 200 N kg/hm^2,and in which,50%of nitrogen can be replaced by organic fertilizer.

关 键 词：玉米 光合特性 产量 有机肥 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]