受限量化域与实质蕴涵“严峻反例”的化解——四论从形式蕴涵看“实质蕴涵怪论”  

On Dissolution Approaches of Critical Counterexamples between Restricted Quantitative Domain and Material Implication:Fourth Critique of Material Implication Paradox from Formal Implication Perspective

作　　者：张建军[1] 张顺[1] ZHANG Jian-jun;ZHANG Shun

机构地区：[1]南京大学哲学系,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第5期47-57,168,共12页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“广义逻辑悖论的历史发展、理论前沿与跨学科应用研究”(18ZDA031);国家社会科学基金重大项目“当代逻辑哲学重大前沿问题研究”(17ZDA024)

摘　　要：从形式蕴涵看“实质蕴涵怪论”,是化解实质蕴涵理论之“严峻反例”的谓词逻辑路径,旨在纠正经典命题逻辑定理在条件句分析中的误用,并非对条件句命题逻辑刻画的“高层次的重复”。基于受限量化域的特殊形式蕴涵,是化解“严峻反例”的基本工具。准确理解命题函数和逻辑量词,清晰分辨命题与命题函数、条件命题与条件句,对于把握形式蕴涵化解路径起着关键作用。关于“吉伯德反例”等“极严峻反例”的化解,需诉诸刻画“多重概括”的量词叠置型形式蕴涵。以受限量化域和特殊形式蕴涵刻画某些自然语言条件句的逻辑形式,澄清认知共同体关于这些语句的“为假直觉”或“为真直觉”之逻辑机理,有助于将经典逻辑正确运用于自然语言理解,对逻辑教学体系改革也具有重要意义。The formal implication perspective on“material implication paradoxes”is a predicate logic approach to resolve the“critical counterexamples”against the material implication theory.This approach is not a“high-level reiteration”of propositional logic characterization to conditional sentences,but a correction to the misuse of the classical propositional logic theorems in the analysis of conditional sentences.The“special formal implication”,based on restricted quantification domain,is the chief tool for solving“critical counterexamples”.The correct understanding of propositional functions and logical quantifiers,as well as the clear distinction between propositions and propositional functions,conditional propositions and conditional sentences,is essential to understanding the formal implication approach.To resolve the“extremely critical counterexamples”such as“Gibbard's counterexample”,it needs to resort to the formal implication with overlapping quantifiers that captures“multiple generalizations”.The logical form of certain conditional sentences in natural language shall be captured by restricted quantification domain and special formal implication,then the logical mechanism of the community's“being false intuition”or“being true intuition”on these conditional sentences can be clarified,which is helpful to natural language understanding by correctly applying classical logic,and enlightening to the reform of logic teaching system.

关 键 词：实质蕴涵怪论 严峻反例 形式蕴涵 受限量化域 命题函数 

分 类 号：B81[哲学宗教—逻辑学]