中国法上基于遗赠发生的物权变动——论《民法典》第230条对《物权法》第29条之修改  

Ownership Transference Based on Bequest in Chinese Law: on the Amendment of Article 230 of the Civil Code to Article 29 of the Property Law

作　　者：汪洋[1] Wang Yang

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100275

出　　处：《法学杂志》2020年第9期62-75,共14页Law Science Magazine

基　　金：清华大学自主科研计划文科振兴基金基础研究专项“民法典编纂视野下继承编的改革与创新”的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》以遗产承受人是否在法定继承人范围内作为遗嘱继承与遗赠的区分标准。中国法上的遗赠包括概括遗赠与特定遗赠。遗赠中导致物权变动的原因事实,包括遗嘱这一法律行为与遗嘱人死亡这一事件,有必要区分物权变动的两个阶段。第一阶段因遗嘱人死亡引发,属于《物权法》第29条意义上的非基于法律行为的物权变动,遗产由被继承人所有移转为遗产继受人共同体共有。然后由遗产管理人主导进行遗产清算,清算完毕后,第二阶段的物权变动发生在遗产继受人之间,依法或依据遗嘱上的意思表示对遗产进行分割,裁判分割属于基于法律文书发生的物权变动,而协议分割或遗嘱指定分割属于意定的物权变动,自交付或登记时生效。《民法典》第230条将《物权法》第29条中"受遗赠"的情形删除,不符合继承编中遗嘱继承与遗赠的区分标准,扰乱了遗产管理人制度、遗产清算制度与遗赠制度的适用关系,对遗产的物权变动体系造成了无谓困扰,应通过扩张解释"继承人"概念,回到《物权法》的传统立场。The Civil Code regards whether an assignee of heritage is within the scope of the statutory successor as the standard for distinguishing testamentary succession and bequest.Be-quest in Chinese law system include general bequest and specific bequest.The reasons leading to ownership transference in bequest include the will,which is regarded as a juridical act,and death of testators,as an event.It is necessary to distinguish between two stages of ownership transference.The first stage is triggered by death of testators and it is regarded as ownership transference which is not based on juridical acts.Heritage is transferred from decedents to com-munities of assignees of heritage.Then heritage administrators would be in charge of liquidation of heritage.After liquidation is completed,the second stage of ownership transference occurs be-tween assignees of heritage.Heritage would be divided either according to law or to the will.If heritage is divided by courts,it should be classified as ownership transference based on legal doc-uments.Meanwhile if heritage is divided through negotiation or according to instructions of the will,it should be classified as ownership transference based on intention,which is legally effec-tive upon delivery or registration.Article 230 of the Civil Code deletes the situation of bequest in Article 29 of the Property Law,which does not conform to the distinction between testamentary succession and bequest in the Succession Chapter.Besides,it also disrupts the applicable rela-tionship between heritage administrator system,heritage liquidation system and bequest system,and causes unnecessary confusion for ownership transference system of the heritage at different stages.Therefore,the concept of the successor should be explained expansively to return to the traditional position of the Property Law.

关 键 词：遗赠 遗嘱继承 非基于法律行为的物权变动 遗产债务 遗产管理人 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]