非均衡性统一法律空间的建构——普京时期(2000-2016)俄罗斯联邦央地宪法和法律关系的治理矢量及其主要特征  

The Construction of Non-equilibrium Unified Legal Space——Governance Vector and Its Main Characteristics of the Constitution and Legal Relations in the Central Region of Russian Federation During Putin’s Period(2000-2016)

作　　者：李闻笛 LI Wen-di(School of Government,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学政府管理学院,北京100871

出　　处：《陕西行政学院学报》2020年第3期76-87,共12页Journal of Shaanxi Academy of Governance

摘　　要：中央与地方的关系,是一个国家政治经济社会生活的重要关系,直接关系到国家的前途和命运。俄罗斯的央地关系指的是俄罗斯联邦和联邦主体之间的关系,其改革转型的进程困难重重。苏联解体之后,联邦的基本宪政制度和联邦制度经受巨大挑战并几经波折。在叶利钦时期,形成了“宪法-条约”式的联邦主义,央地关系严重失序。在“宪法-条约”式联邦制下,用协议换取联邦主体的忠诚度和合谋,这一“会哭的孩子有奶吃”的区别性和针对性的制度安排,严重损害了俄罗斯联邦的宪法和法律的整体性,统一的法律空间遭到破坏。其制度设计的本意——保障联邦的统一、国家领土的完整和政治的稳定反而成为制度本身逻辑下的受损方。普京执政之后开始建设“真正的联邦制”,为了治理俄罗斯的央地关系,俄罗斯构建了统一法律空间的治理矢量:在宪法和法律层面承认地方自治分权,但施行统一维度的规制;限定各类主体的法律意义上的平等地位,在实际操作过程和联邦主体各自的法律层面则略有不同,体现出各自法律关系实质上的非均等性,以制度性地支撑不同联邦主体的实际差异。本文廓清了非均衡性联邦主义客观存在的法律关系中的权能方面的同一性和差异性,并对此进行分析,认为俄罗斯央地法律关系治理采取了建构统一法律空间框架下的非均衡性联邦主义的制度安排。该治理路径虽然有诸多治理困境,但不可否认其对于央地法律关系重塑和俄罗斯完成现代国家重构的重大作用,有效促进了俄罗斯联邦的统一与完整,提高了俄罗斯联邦国家治理能力。俄罗斯央地法律关系的治理,为我们提供了国家央地结构变迁的叙事样本以及关于大国央地法律关系的调整与发展路径的国别经验。The relationship between the central government and the local government is important in the political,economic and social life of a country,which is directly related to the future and destiny of the country by handling and coordinating the relationship.The relationship between the central government and the local government of Russia refers to the relationship between the Russian Federation and the federal subjects of the Federation,and its process of reform and transformation is very difficult.After the collapse of the Soviet Union,the basic constitutional system and the federal system experienced great challenges and twists and turns.During the Yeltsin period,federalism of“Constitution-Treaty”type was formed,and the relations between the central government and the local government were seriously out of order.Under the“Constitution Treaty”federal system,agreements are exchanged for the loyalty and collusion of the federal subjects;the distinctive and systematic arrangement of“crying children have milk to drink”seriously damages the integrity of the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation,so the unified legal space was destroyed.The original intention of its system design:to protect the unity of the union,the integrity of the national territory and the political stability becomes the damaged Party under the logic of the system itself.After Putin came into power,he began to build a“real federalism”.In order to reconstruct and govern Russia's relationship between the Federation and the federal subjects,Russia built a Governance Vector of a Unified Legal Space:at the constitutional and legal levels,local autonomy and decentralization are recognized,but the unified dimension of regulation should be implemented;To define the equal status of various subjects in the legal sense,in the actual operation process and the legal level of the federal subject are slightly different.This reflects the non-equality of their respective legal relations in essence,and supports the actual differences of differ

关 键 词：联邦主义 非均衡性 非对称性 央地法律关系 统一法律空间 治理矢量 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]