制度竞争视野下清末司法主权的沦丧与维护——以领事裁判权为例  

The Loss and Maintenance of Judicial Sovereignty in the Late Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of System Competition:Taking Consular Jurisdiction as an Example

作　　者：章安邦 Zhang Anbang

机构地区：[1]浙江工商大学法学院基础法学系

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2020年第5期68-85,共18页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“社会主义核心价值观的司法贯彻机制研究”(17VHJ008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清末,中国的司法主权不断遭受西方列强攫取的领事裁判权的蚕食。“主权”概念的语义较为模糊。作为司法主权研究中的重要概念,“领事裁判权”与“治外法权”被长期混用和误读,两者的区别在于,是不是国家在自愿和平等互惠原则下相互享有的权力。清末,自英国开始,共计19个国家在中国攫取了领事裁判权。民众逐步形成了“民族国家观念”,并把收回领事裁判权作为救亡图存的重要使命。列强在续订条约中的承诺对清政府形成了倒逼之势。清政府为了摆脱统治危机而听信法理派官员的建议,以推动中国的司法现代化改革来实现“中外通行”,进而收回领事裁判权。在制度经济学视角下,这是典型的诱致性变迁和强制性变迁结合的产物。西方较为先进的司法制度彰显了“制度竞争”优势,带来了收益的诱导。清政府出于收回“领事裁判权”的收益诱导,而采取了现代化的司法改革,“购买”了西方向中国出售的司法制度这一“标准化制度商品”。In the late Qing Dynasty, China’s judicial sovereignty represented by consular jurisdiction was constantly eroded by the Western Powers. The semantics of the concept of"sovereignty"is relatively vague. As the core concept of judicial sovereignty,"consular jurisdiction"and"extraterritoriality"have been mixed and misunderstood for a long time. The difference between the two lies in whether countries enjoy each other based on the principle of equality and reciprocity under the premise of voluntary. In the late Qing Dynasty, a total of 19 countries under the"treaty system"since the United Kingdom seized consular jurisdiction in China, and the people gradually formed a"nation-state concept"and took the recovery of consular jurisdiction as an important mission of salvation. The promises of the great powers in the renewal of the treaty forced the Qing government to listen to the legalist officials in order to get rid of the governability crisis, promote the modernization of China’s judicial reform with a view to"passing China and foreign countries"and regain consular jurisdiction. From the perspective of institutional economics, this is a typical combination of induced changes and mandatory changes. The more advanced judicial systems in the West demonstrate the advantages of"system competition", which brings about the inducement of income. So the Qing government tried to withdraw the"consular jurisdiction", adopted modern judicial reforms, and"purchased"the"standardized commodities"sold by the West to China for the judicial system.

关 键 词：司法主权 制度竞争理论 领事裁判权 治外法权 救亡图存 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]