高寒矿区排土场不同坡向植被和土壤特征研究  

Characteristics of Vegetations and Soils Under Different Aspects of Slag Mountain in Alpine Mining Area

作　　者：金立群[1,2] 李希来 孙华方[1] 张静 周伟 JIN Liqun;LI Xilai;SUN Huafang;ZHANG Jing;ZHOU Wei(College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China;Qinghai Huangyuan County Grassland Station,Xining 812100,China;College of Land Science and Technology,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China;Qinghai-Guangdong Joint Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring and Evaluation,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China)

机构地区：[1]青海大学农牧学院,西宁810016 [2]青海湟源县草原站,西宁812100 [3]中国地质大学土地科学技术学院,北京100083 [4]青海-广东自然资源监测与评价联合实验室,西宁810016

出　　处：《土壤》2020年第4期831-839,共9页Soils

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41977415,41867073);高等学校学科创新引智计划项目(D18013);教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划项目(IRT_17R62)资助。

摘　　要：针对高寒矿区排土场人工植被恢复问题,选取青海江仓矿区南北2个排土场的4个坡面(南坡、北坡、东南坡与东坡)为研究对象,进行了不同坡向立地条件下植被与土壤的调查分析。结果显示:除幼苗高度外,不同坡向植被高度、盖度、地上生物量、生殖枝数量具有显著差异(P<0.05),东南坡与南坡(阳坡)长势较好。土壤全氮、有效磷含量及pH在不同坡向差异不显著(P>0.05),土壤全磷、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质、含水量在不同坡向具有显著差异(P<0.05)。北坡土壤有机质含量比其他3个坡面平均高出127.95 g/kg(P<0.05),土壤含水量在北坡与东坡(阴坡)显著高于南坡与东南坡(P<0.05)。土壤细菌与放线菌数量在东南坡显著高于其他3个坡面(P<0.05)。利用随机森林方法得出,土壤细菌数量、含水量、碱解氮含量、全磷含量、有机质含量及植被高度是影响露天煤矿排土场不同坡向立地条件下植被与土壤特性的主要因子。因此,为减小矿区排土场复绿过程中坡向不同带来的影响,在人工建植初期应加大东坡与北坡(阴坡)的种子播量,适时追施氮肥,并选择加厚无纺布(>50 g/m^2)覆盖。Aiming at artificially restoring vegetation in an alpine mine-dump area in Qinghai,four aspects(southeast,south,north and east)at two dumps in the Jiangcang mining area,Qinghai,were selected as the study plots,and their characteristics of artificial vegetations and soils were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that at different aspects,there were significant differences(P<0.05)in vegetation height,coverage,aboveground biomass,and the number of reproductive branches except seedling height.Vegetation on the southeast and south aspects(sunny aspect)grew better than on other aspects.There was no significant difference in soil total N,available P contents and pH among the different aspects.Soil total P and available N,available K,organic matter and moisture showed significant differences(P<0.05)among different aspects.Organic matter content on the north aspect was 127.95 g/kg higher than other three aspects(P<0.05),soil moistures on the north and east aspects were significantly higher than on the south and southeast ones(P<0.05).The populations of soil bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly higher on the southeast aspect than on the other aspects(P<0.05).Results of Random Forest analysis revealed that soil bacteria,water content,available N,total P,height of vegetation and soil organic matter content were the main influencing factors of the characteristics of vegetation and soil in the open-cast coal mine drainage field.Therefore,in order to reduce the impacts of different aspects in the re-greening process of the mine drainage area,the quantity of seeds sowed on east and north aspects(shady aspect)should be increased at the initial stage of artificial planting,nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in time,and thick non-woven fabric(>50 g/m^2)should be used to cover the field to boost seed germination rate.

关 键 词：江仓矿区 人工建植 坡向 植被特征 土壤理化性质 

分 类 号：S154.4[农业科学—土壤学] S812.6[农业科学—农业基础科学]