追施不同形态氮肥对油菜生长、生理与产量影响  

Effect of Topdressing Different Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Growth,Physiology and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

作　　者：唐伟杰 官春云[1] TANG Weijie;GUAN Chunyun(College of Pharmacy,Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guiyang 550025,China;National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement,Hunan Branch,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128,China;Center for Social Service,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州中医药大学药学院,贵州贵阳550025 [2]湖南农业大学国家油料改良中心湖南分中心,湖南长沙410128 [3]云南农业大学社会服务中心,云南昆明650201

出　　处：《云南农业大学学报（自然科学版）》2020年第5期878-884,共7页Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University:Natural Science

基　　金：国家油菜产业技术体系(CARS-13);国家科技支撑计划(2014BAD11B03);贵中医博士启动经费([2020]29号)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究旱地土壤中追施不同形态氮肥对油菜生长、生理与产量的影响,旨在为旱地土壤中油菜栽培氮肥合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】以油菜品种湘油15为供试材料,在相同追施氮肥总量条件下(N 300 kg/hm2),设3个处理:单施硝态氮(NO3−)(A)、硝铵态氮1∶1配施(B)和单施铵态氮(NH4+)(C)。分别对油菜的农艺性状、籽粒产量、含油量和花期、收获期地上部分不同器官的生物量、氮累积量以及苗期、花期叶片的光合作用参数、硝酸还原酶活性进行了测定。【结果】与A处理相比,C处理显著增加了油菜的单株有效角果数和籽粒产量(P<0.05);B和C处理显著增加了开花期以及收获期花(角果)、茎和全部地上部的生物量以及花(角果)、叶、茎、籽粒和全部地上部的氮累积量(P<0.05);B和C处理显著增加了苗期和开花期油菜叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2含量和开花期叶片硝酸还原酶活性(P<0.05),但显著降低了苗期叶片硝酸还原酶活性(P<0.05)。【结论】旱地土壤中,与单施硝态氮相比,单施铵态氮更能促进油菜地上部生物量和籽粒产量提高。[Purpose]A reasonable application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays an important role in improving rapeseed cultivation and promoting oilseed yield.Therefore,the application effect of topdressing different N forms in dryland soil on the growth,physiology and yield of rapeseed were investigated.[Methods]One cultivar rapeseed Xiangyou 15 was cultured in dryland soil under topdressing the same N rate and three treatments were set up,including single application of nitrate N(NO3−)(A),1∶1 application of nitrate and ammonium N(B)and single application of ammonium N(NH4+)(C).The agronomic traits,seed yields,oil content,dry weight,N accumulations,photosynthesis and nitrate reductase(NR)activity in rapeseed were analyzed at different growth stages.[Results]Compared with A treatment, effective pod per plant and seed yield were significantly improvedunder C treatment (P<0.05);the flower (pod), stalk and total above-ground biomass and N accumulationof flower (pod), leaf, stalk, seed, above-ground organ at the flowering and harvest periodwere significantly increased under B and C treatment (P<0.05), respectively;the SPAD values, netphotosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration at the seedling and floweringperiod, and NR activity in leaf at the flowering period were strengthened under B and C treatment,but NR activity at the seedling period was lowered. [Conclutions] Compared with single applicationof nitrate, the aboveground biomass and grain yield of rapeseed could be significantly improvedby single application of ammonium in dryland soil.

关 键 词：油菜 旱地土壤 硝态氮 铵态氮 生理 产量 

分 类 号：S565.406.2[农业科学—作物学]