日本防疫经费保障制度的历史变迁  

The Historical Changes of Japan*s Fund Guarantee System for Epidemic Prevention

作　　者：李文明[1] LI Wenming

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《东北亚学刊》2020年第5期97-107,150,共12页Journal of Northeast Asia Studies

摘　　要：任何制度都是有其历史脉络的。明治时期,在应对霍乱等传染病疫情过程中,日本以立法的形式建立了与当时的防疫体系相应的经费保障制度。在公共防疫方面,1897年的《传染病预防法》将公共防疫的经费保障责任主要交给了地方。在传染病医疗费方面,这部法律又确立了法定传染病"公费医疗"制度。战后,日本并未废止这部制定于明治时期的法律,但以修法的形式提高了国家财政对地方防疫支出的补助比例,逐步形成了国家与地方基本均等分担公共防疫费用的保障机制。而这一机制在1999年《感染症预防法》实施后仍得到保留。1999年,在日本实施一百余年的法定传染病"公费医疗"制度终结。取而代之的是"保险为主、公费托底"的传染病医疗费保障机制。2012年,伴随着《新型流感等对策特别措施法》的实施,日本又在法律层面建立起防疫应急经费保障制度。During the Meiji period,in dealing with cholera and other in-fectious diseases,Japan established the corresponding fund guarantee system throughout legislation.In public epidemic prevention,the Pre-vention of Infectious Diseases Act of 1897 entrusted the responsibility of financing public epidemic prevention to the local authorities.In the med-ical treatment of infectious diseases,the law also established the free public medical service in preventing infectious diseases.After the end of WWII,Japan amended the law,raising the proportion of financial subsi-dies to local epidemic prevention expenditure and gradually building a guarantee mechanism for sharing public epidemic prevention expenditure between the state and the local authorities.That mechanism has been maintained even since the implementation of the Infection Prevention Act 1999,which estabished a new fund guarantee system for epidemic pre-vention with the support of both insurance and public funds.In 2012,with the implementation of the Law on Special Measures for New Influ-enza and Other Diseases,Japan also established a system of emergency funding for epidemic prevention at the legal level.

关 键 词：传染病防治 经费保障 制度变迁 

分 类 号：F813.13[经济管理—财政学] D931.3[政治法律—法学] DD912.1