基肥结合抽穗期追肥稳定稻麦产量并提高氮肥利用率及经济效益  

Maintaining yields and improving nitrogen use efficiencies and economic benefits of rice and wheat by double fertilization of combining basal dressing with top dressing at heading stage

作　　者：宁运旺[1] 张辉[1] 王磊[1] 许仙菊[1] 汪吉东[1] 马洪波[1] 朱德进 黄卉 王少华 马朝红[4] 张永春[1] NING Yun-wang;ZHANG Hui;WANG Lei;XU Xian-ju;WANG Ji-dong;MA Hong-bo;ZHU De-jin;HUANG Hui;WANG Shao-hua;MA Chao-hong;ZHANG Yong-chun(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environmental,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation(Jiangsu),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210014,China;Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Jiangyan,Taizhou,Jiangsu 225500,China;Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Kunshan,Suzhou,Jiangsu 215300,China;Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Sciences,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan,Hubei 430000,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部江苏耕地保育科学观测实验站,江苏南京210014 [2]江苏省泰州市姜堰区农委,江苏泰州225500 [3]江苏省苏州市昆山市农委,江苏苏州215300 [4]湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所,湖北武汉430000

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2020年第8期1407-1419,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0201306,2016YFD0200800,2018YFD0200500)。

摘　　要：【目的】普遍认为,相同施肥量下增加施肥次数有利于提高肥料利用率,但施肥次数偏多已成为江苏稻麦化肥过量投入的主要因素。一次施肥仍存在争议,基肥结合分蘖期追肥的两次施肥也会导致水稻生长后期养分供应不足,明确基肥结合抽穗期追肥的两次施肥效果对稻麦化肥减量具重要意义。【方法】2016—2019年开展稻麦轮作田间定位试验,分析产量和产量组成、氮肥累积效率和氮素累积盈余。定位试验为完全随机区组设计、4次重复,设不施氮(CK)、习惯施肥(CF)、推荐施肥(相对于CF处理水稻减氮18.2%、小麦减氮22.2%,RF)和推荐施氮量下基施4种类型氮肥(尿素U、硫包膜尿素SCU、聚合物包膜尿素PCU和尿素添加5%双氰胺NIU)结合抽穗期追肥(BH)两次施肥,共7个处理。2018—2019年,使用以普通尿素为氮源的改良配方肥(IFF)和含硝化抑制剂的稳定性复合肥(SCF)做基肥,进行稻麦两次施肥(BH)田间验证试验,以农户实际(FP)为对照比较施肥成本和种植效益。【结果】定位试验结果表明,与农户习惯(CF)比较,推荐施肥处理(RF)对稻麦产量均无显著影响;与推荐施肥比较,相同施氮量下基施不同类型氮肥结合抽穗期追肥的两次施肥处理对稻麦产量也无显著影响。施氮量减少可使稻麦氮肥累积效率显著增加、氮素累积盈余显著减少,而施肥次数减少对稻麦氮肥累积效率和氮素累积盈余均无显著影响。相同施氮量下基施不同类型氮肥结合抽穗期追肥两次施肥条件下,稻麦产量和氮肥效率均以含硝化抑制剂的尿素处理(NIU-BH)表现较好;小麦上使用聚合物包膜尿素处理(PCU-BH)效果不稳定。验证试验结果表明,基施改良配方肥两次施肥(IFF-BH)和基施稳定性复合肥两次施肥(SCF-BH)与农户实际比较,水稻可在施氮量减少18.2%~33.8%条件下使产量分别增加1.8%~4.5%和2.6%~6.1%,施肥成本分别减少1069~1538和473~102【Objectives】It is generally believed that increasing fertilization times under the same dosage of fertilizer is conducive to improve fertilizer efficiencies, however, too frequent fertilization often leads to excessive fertilizer input in actual production of rice and wheat in Jiangsu. Single fertilization is still controversial, double fertilization pattern of basal dressing with top dressing at tillering stage has been found insufficient N supply during the late growth of rice. It is important to study the effects of fertilization pattern of basal dressing with top dressing at heading stage of rice and wheat, and the availability of reducing chemical fertilizer.【Methods】From2016 to 2019, a positioning field experiment in rice-wheat rotation was conducted to investigate yield and yield components, cumulative nitrogen(N) efficiencies and surplus. The positioning experiment had seven treatments,including no N control(CK), conventional fertilization(CF), recommended fertilization(compare with CF,nitrogen application rate was reduced by 18.2% in rice and by 22.2% in wheat, RF), and treatments using four types of nitrogen fertilizer as basal combined with topdressing at heading stage(BH) under the recommended N rate, including urea(U), sulfur-coated urea(SCU), polyolefin-coated urea(PCU) and urea + 5% dicyandiamide(NIU). During 2018 to 2019, the BH fertilization pattern were applied in demonstration field experiment, in which, the basal applied N were from two compound fertilizers, improved formula fertilizer(IFF) using U as N source and stable compound fertilizer(SCF) containing nitrification inhibitor. The fertilization costs and planting benefits were compared to that of farmer’s practice(FP).【Results】According to the results of the positioning experiment, the RF had no significant effect on rice and wheat grain yields compared with CF, and the BH treatments of different N sources also had no effects on rice and wheat grain yields compared with RF. As the reduction of N amount, cumulative N efficienc

关 键 词：水稻 小麦 化肥减量 两次施肥 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] S512.1