密里根油滴实验的理论分析和测量结果讨论  

Theoretical analysis and measurement result discussion on Millikan oil drop experiment

作　　者：陈学文 张家伟 方旺 向思璇 谢腾辉 张欣笛 CHEN Xuewen;ZHANG Jiawei;FANG Wang;XIANG Sixuan;XIE Tenghui;ZHANG Xindi(College of Mathematics,Physics and Data Science,Chongqing University of Science and Technology,Chongqing 401331,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆科技学院数理与大数据学院,重庆401331

出　　处：《实验技术与管理》2020年第7期150-153,共4页Experimental Technology and Management

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(11347024);重庆市科委基金项目(cstc2018jcyjAX2013,cstc2018jcyjAX0713);重庆科技学院重点项目培育基金项目(CK2015Z28);重庆科技学院本科教育教学改革研究项目(201622)。

摘　　要：针对密立根油滴实验中的"静态平衡法"测量过程,首先从理论上分析了不同带电油滴平衡电压与下落时间的关系,为油滴的合理选取提供理论支持;进而从力学角度对带电油滴全程运动进行了推导分析,计算结果显示油滴在极短时间内就达到了极限速度,因此对于油滴匀速下落区域的选取并不需要特别说明,实验条件完全满足;最后,基于312颗油滴的测量结果,对油滴带电量的分布规律进行了研究。实验发现,当油滴电量不超过5 e时,可明显看出电荷量分布的量子化;若油滴下落时间过短或平衡电压过小,则油滴所带电荷量偏大,量子化现象不明显。For the "Static balance method" in Millikan oil drop experiment, the relationship between the balanced voltage and the falling time for different charged oil droplets is analyzed theoretically, which provides theoretical support for the selection of oil droplets. Furthermore, the whole movement of charged oil droplets is deduced and analyzed. The result shows that the droplet reaches the terminal speed in a very short time. Thus, there is no need to explain the selection of uniform falling region of oil droplets because the experimental conditions are completely satisfied. Finally, based on the measurement results of 312 oil droplets, it is found that when the electric quantity of oil droplets is less than 5 , the "Quantization" of charge distribution can be clearly seen. If the falling time of the oil drop is too short or the equilibrium voltage is too small, the charge of the oil drop is very large and the quantization phenomenon is not obvious.

关 键 词：密立根油滴 基本电荷 量子化 平衡电压 下落时间 

分 类 号：O4-34[理学—物理]