河套灌区不同灌溉方式春玉米耗水特性与经济效益分析  

Water Use Characteristics and Profit Analysis of Spring Maize Production with Different Irrigation Methods in Hetao Irrigation District

作　　者：邹宇锋 蔡焕杰[1,2] 张体彬[1,2] 王云霏 徐家屯[2] ZOU Yufeng;CAI Huanjie;ZHANG Tibin;WANG Yunfei;XU Jiatun(Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas,Ministry of Education,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2020年第9期237-248,共12页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0400200);国家自然科学基金项目(51879223)。

摘　　要：地处干旱半干旱区的内蒙古河套灌区地表水资源短缺和土壤盐渍化并存。为寻求更加节水高效的灌溉方式,通过连续3年的田间试验,设置畦灌、沟灌和滴灌3种不同灌溉方式,并在沟灌和滴灌下设置高、中、低3个灌水水平,以传统畦灌为对照,分析了春玉米耗水特性、产量响应和经济效益。结果表明,畦灌下平均有10%的灌水通过深层渗漏而损失,而滴灌低水处理每个生长季有10.5~29.0 mm的地下水通过毛管上升进入根区而被作物吸收;滴灌条件下玉米籽粒产量水分响应系数Ky(0.684)小于沟灌(0.8215),说明因作物耗水量的减少所引起的减产幅度更小,这更易于在潜在干旱胁迫下维持较高的作物产量;相对于传统畦灌,沟灌高水处理可以增加玉米籽粒产量和净收益,中水处理可以在保持产量和净收益持平的情况下,节约灌溉水31%;滴灌条件下,维持土壤水势-10 kPa和-30 kPa以上的高水和中水处理相对节水分别为19%和57%,且提高春玉米籽粒产量分别为21%和15%,提高净收益分别为28%和22%,水分利用效率较高。因此,综合考虑黄河引水情况、地下水状况和农民接受程度等因素,建议将沟灌中水处理或滴灌中水处理作为替代传统畦灌的最佳方案。Located in the arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China,the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia is facing both shortage of surface water resources and severe soil salinization,therefore the high-efficient water-saving irrigation methods are the inevitable choice for sustainable agricultural production.A three-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation methods on yield,water productivity and net return of spring maize in the Hetao Irrigation District.Three irrigation methods,i.e.,border irrigation(BI),furrow irrigation(FI)and drip irrigation(DI),were compared.Taking the recommended traditional BI water level as the control,three water levels imposed for FI were recommended,namely level(450 mm,H),0.8×recommended level(360 mm,M)and 0.6×recommended level(270 mm,L),respectively;while the three levels for DI were conducted based on different threshold values of soil water matric potential,i.e.,-10 kPa(H),-30 kPa(M),and-50 kPa(L),respectively.Totally seven treatments were implemented by randomized block design with three replicates.The results showed that the grain and straw yields were significantly affected by treatments.Under BI condition,totally average 10%of irrigation water was lost through deep percolation over the studied three years;whereas,under DI conditions,about 10.5~29.0 mm water of groundwater was contributed into the root zone through capillary rise for crop water uptake.The response coefficient Ky of maize grain yield-soil water under DI(0.684)was smaller than that under FI(0.8215),indicating that the reduction of crop yield caused by decrease of crop water consumption was smaller under DI than that under FI.That meant DI helped maintain a higher crop yield under potential drought stress than FI.Compared with traditional BI,FI-H(450 mm)could increase the grain yield and net return,FI-M(360 mm)could save 31%of irrigation water while keeping the grain yield and net yield as same as the control.Compared with BI,DI-H and DI-M treatments could save irrigatio

关 键 词：春玉米 河套灌区 灌溉方式 作物耗水 经济效益 水分生产函数 

分 类 号：S275[农业科学—农业水土工程]