阿克赛钦主权归属中国的国际法依据  

The International Legal Basis for Chinese Sovereignty over Aksai Chin

作　　者：曾皓[1] Zeng Hao

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学法学院

出　　处：《南亚研究》2020年第3期1-38,156,共39页South Asian Studies

基　　金：2018年国家社会科学基金重大项目“中印关系中的重大国际法问题研究”(项目批准号:18ZDA154)的阶段性研究成果.

摘　　要：2019年8月,印度企图将中国的阿克赛钦划入其准备设立的所谓“拉达克联邦直辖区”,再度挑起中印边境西段的阿克赛钦争端。早在1958年,印度就对中国的阿克赛钦正式地提出了领土要求,但是印度的主权声索毫无法律依据。中印边界除锡金段外从未正式划定,不存在判断阿克赛钦归属的明确而具体的法律权源。由于一国能通过对特定领土有效行使国家权威和权力来创设领土主权权源,因此能够适用国际法中的有效控制规则——通过查明中印两国在关键日期以前以主权者行事的意图对阿克赛钦实际行使或展示主权权力的情况,分析中印两国谁的权利主张更具优势——来判断阿克赛钦的主权归属。在权衡中印两国提出的在关键日期以前对阿克赛钦实施主权活动的证据的分量之后,我们可以得出结论:中国在数百年里对阿克赛钦持续、一贯地行使着主权权力,而印度不能提出任何对阿克赛钦展示或行使主权的证据,中国显然通过对阿克赛钦的有效控制提出了比印度更优的权利主张。因此,阿克赛钦自古以来就是中国的领土。印度议会通过“查谟—克什米尔重组法案”,侵犯了中国的领土主权,破坏了中印边境地区的和平与稳定。中国有权对此采取合法的反制措施。In August of 2019,India attempted to incorporate China’s Aksai Chin into the socalled“Ladakh Union Territory”,aggravating once again the SinoIndia dispute over the Western sector of the border at Aksai Chin.As early as 1958,India claimed over China’s Aksai Chin,but without any legitimate basis.The SinoIndia boundary has never been officially demarcated,and as such there is no legal title for attribution of territorial sovereignty over Aksai Chin.A sovereign title may be inferred from the effective exercise of powers appertaining to the authority of the State over a given territory.Under the rule of effectivités in the current international law,the matter on the sovereignty over Aksai Chin would have to be decided by examining which stateIndia or Chinahas made out a superior claim based upon the actual exercise or display of authorities over Aksai Chin prior to critical date,coupled with the intention to act as sovereign.After weighing the evidence of both Chinese and Indian sovereignty over Aksai Chin prior to critical date,we reach the following conclusion:China has continuously exercised sovereign authority over Aksai Chin for several hundred years,while India has no evidence of exercising any such authority over Aksai Chin.On the basis of effective control,there is a clear case for Chinese sovereignty over Aksai Chin.As such,Aksai Chin has been an integral part of Chinese territory since ancient times.The Indian Parliament’s Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill violates China’s sovereignty and has destroyed prospects for peace and stability in the ChinaIndia border.China has the right to legal countermeasures in this regard.

关 键 词：中印西段边界新疆段 阿克赛钦 领土归属 有效控制 

分 类 号：D993.1[政治法律—国际法学]