战后“蓝色圈地运动”的滥觞:“杜鲁门公告”的单方面宣布及其影响  

The Origin of the Blue Enclosure Movement after World War II:The Unilateral Issuance of the Truman Proclamations and Its Consequences

作　　者：曲升[1,2] Qu Sheng

机构地区：[1]渤海大学历史学院 [2]聊城大学太平洋岛国研究中心

出　　处：《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》2020年第4期117-132,共16页Journal of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“美国与世界海洋自由历史进程研究”(15BSS019)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1945年9月,杜鲁门政府发布两项公告,宣布了美国的大陆架政策和近海渔业管辖区政策。尽管公告把美国的近海管辖权和控制权界定为职能性权力,而非主权性权力,但难掩其追求海洋利益最大化的本质;而有名无实的国际磋商和政策的单方面宣布,进一步“坐实”这一本质。“杜鲁门公告”引发新一轮全球范围内的“蓝色圈地运动”,并反过来损害了美国界定的海洋自由权利。因此,在20世纪50年代进行的政策评估中,“杜鲁门公告”遭到否定和抛弃。与此同时,“捍卫海洋自由原则”被确立为美国遏止“蓝色圈地运动”和参与国际海洋法编纂进程的根本立场和政策目标,预示了此后国际海洋政治领域内两种海洋秩序观的激烈竞争和博弈。In September of 1945,the Truman administration issued two proclamations termed by historians as the Truman Proclamations,declaring America's policy on offshore fisheries jurisdiction and continental shelf.Although the proclamations defined U.S.offshore jurisdiction and control as functional power rather than sovereign power,it is hard to hide America's underlying pursuit of maximum maritime interests.This essence was further revealed by its nominal consultation with foreign governments concerned and unilateral issuance of the proclamations.The Truman Proclamations triggered a new wave of Blue Enclosure Movement around the world,which in turn undermined what the U.S.defined as the right to freedom of the seas.As a result,the Truman Proclamations was repudiated and abandoned during a policy review conducted in the 1950s.Meanwhile,the“principle of defending the freedom of the seas”was established as the fundamental position and policy objective of the U.S.in curbing the Blue Enclosure Movement and engaging in the codification of the international law of the sea.This indicates the ensuing harsh competition and game between the two views of marine order in international marine politics.

关 键 词：“杜鲁门公告” “蓝色圈地运动” 海洋自由 近海管辖权 国际海洋法 

分 类 号：K705[历史地理—历史学]