旧礼仪派与罗曼诺夫王朝  

The Old Ritualists and the Romanov Dynasty

作　　者：国春雷[1] Guo Chunlei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第5期122-136,共15页Academic Journal of Russian Studies

摘　　要：肇始于俄国罗曼诺夫王朝早期“尼康改革”的旧礼仪派,一直以反对者的姿态伴随王朝始终。在罗曼诺夫王朝教俗两界统治阶级的联合镇压下,旧礼仪派教徒被迫转入地下或逃亡国外,凭借严格遵守教规、勤俭善良的优良品行和积极合作的团体精神不断发展壮大。历经17—18世纪之交的隐忍图存、18世纪的务实发展和19世纪的迅猛发展,及至十月革命前夕,终于成长为俄国最大的民间宗教组织。旧礼仪派对罗曼诺夫王朝早期的政治稳定造成较大威胁,对19—20世纪之交资产阶级自由派政党和无产阶级的形成具有一定影响。旧礼仪派在工商业和金融业方面推动了俄国资本主义经济的发展,是罗曼诺夫王朝工业化和现代化的领头羊。旧礼仪派大力赞助罗曼诺夫王朝的文化事业,为保留俄国古代文化遗产和生活习俗、促进文学与艺术的发展做出巨大贡献。旧礼仪派与罗曼诺夫王朝的关系及其对俄国近代史的深刻影响,尚需学界加强认识并进行系统研究。The Old Ritualists,which started in the Nikon Reform,has always accompanied the Romanov dynasty as an opponent.Under the joint suppression of the church and the secular state,its believers were forced to go underground or flee abroad.However,the Old Ritualists continued to grow up by virtue of strict adherence to the canon,good conduct of diligence and kindness,and community spirit of active cooperation.After the forbearance of the late 17th and early 18th centuries,the pragmatic development in the 18th century and the boom in the 19th century,it finally grew into Russia's largest civil religious organization.From a historical perspective,the Old Ritualists posed a great threat to the political stability of the early Romanov dynasty,and had a certain influence on the formation of the bourgeois liberal parties and the proletariat at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.It also promoted the development of Russia's capitalist economy and led the industrialization and modernization of the Romanov dynasty.Furthermore,the Old Ritualists strongly supported the cultural undertakings in the period of the Romanov dynasty,and made great contributions to the preservation of ancient Russian cultural heritage and customs as well as the development of literature and art.In this regard,it is necessary to correctly understand and systematically study the relationship between the Old Rituals and the Romanov dynasty and its profound influence on Russia's modern history.

关 键 词：尼康改革 旧礼仪派 罗曼诺夫王朝 

分 类 号：K512.34[历史地理—历史学]