水稻机插缓混一次施肥技术的研发与示范  

Introduction to the One-time Fertilization Technology for Mechanized Transplanting Rice:Side Deep Application of Controlled-release Blend Fertilizer

作　　者：丁艳锋[1] 李刚华[1] 李伟玮 高深 汪瑜辉 刘正辉[1] 陈琳[1] 丁承强[1] 唐设 江瑜 DING Yanfeng;LI Ganghua;LI Weiwei;GAO Shen;WANG Yuhui;LIU Zhenghui;CHEN Lin;DING Chengqiang;TANG She;JIANG Yu(Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Nanjing,210095,China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学/江苏省现代作物生产协同创新中心/农业农村部南方作物生理生态重点开放实验室,南京210095

出　　处：《中国稻米》2020年第5期11-15,共5页China Rice

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0301200,2018YFD0300803,2017YFD0300100);江苏省重点研发计划(现代农业)重点项目(BE2017369,BE2019343-5,BE2019377)。

摘　　要：针对机插水稻凸显的氮肥施用量大、施肥次数多、稻田氮肥损失严重等问题,根据高产水稻氮肥阶段吸肥规律和水稻精确定量栽培技术原理,将不同释放速率的缓控释肥进行科学混合组配,使得混配肥料养分释放规律与优质高产水稻二次吸肥高峰同步,创新了一次施肥满足水稻一生优质高产所需的"缓混肥";将缓混肥与水稻机插侧深施肥技术相结合,构建了"水稻机插缓混一次性施肥技术",实现机插水稻"一次施肥、一生供肥"的效果。多年多点示范结果表明,该技术减少机插水稻施氮量20%左右、增产6%以上、节省施肥用工3~4次、稻米食味值增加5%以上,并能有效减少氨挥发和径流氮排放,氮肥利用率达到世界先进水平的55%~60%,是一项经济、环保、高效可行的先进实用技术,适合有机插条件的水稻产区广泛应用。Aiming at the problems of over-application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers,higher labour/time costs for split applications of urea-N,and serious loss of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy fields,which are highlighted by machine-transplanted rice,based on the fertilizer-demanding disciplinarian of the high-yield rice and the principle of rice precise and quantitative cultivation technology theory,we scientifically formulate slow and controlled release fertilizers with different release rates,so that the nutrient release rules of the blended fertilizers are synchronized with the two peaks of high-yield and high-quality rice fertilizer absorption,and innovated the"controlled release blended fertilizer"that satisfied the requirement of high-yield and high-quality rice throughout the whole growth period of rice and at the same time,we combined controlled release blended fertilizer and deep and mechanical side-dressing fertilization technology to construct the"single fertilization technology of controlled release blended fertilizer for machine-transplanted rice"to achieve the effect of"fertilize once,fertilize for life"for machine-transplanted rice.The results of many years of multi-ecological sites demonstration show that this technology reduces the nitrogen rate of machine-transplanted rice by about 20%,increases the yield by more than 6%,saves 3~4 times of fertilization,and increases the taste value of rice by more than 5%,and can effectively reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrogen runoff loss,nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate reaches 55%~60%of the world’s advanced level.It is an economical,environmentally friendly,efficient and feasible advanced practical technology,suitable for extensive use in rice production areas with machine-transplanted conditions.

关 键 词：水稻 一次性施肥 缓混肥 侧深施肥 

分 类 号：S511.062[农业科学—作物学]