生物炭基肥对苹果产量品质及土壤肥力的影响  

Effects of Biochar-based Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Apple and Soil Fertility

作　　者：秦亚旭 王冲 郑朝霞 冯天宇 马艳婷 翟丙年[1,2,3] QIN Yaxu;WANG Chong;ZHENG Zhaoxia;FENG Tianyu;MA Yanting;ZHAI Bingnian(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100;Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agricultural Environment of Northwest of Ministry of Agriculture,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100;Apple Experiment Station,Northwest A&F University,Baishui,Shaanxi 715600)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学苹果试验站,陕西白水715600

出　　处：《北方园艺》2020年第18期18-24,共7页Northern Horticulture

基　　金：西北农林科技大学-北京三聚绿能科技有限公司横向合作资助项目(SJLN-2017-170026);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资助项目(CARS-27);公益性行业(农业)科研专项资助项目(201303104);陕西省农业科技创新转化资助项目(NYKJ-2015-17)。

摘　　要：以十五年生"乔化"红富士苹果为试材,以课题组自行研制开发的生物炭基苹果专用肥为研究对象,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施肥处理对苹果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响,以期为有机肥替代化肥,减少化肥使用提供参考依据。结果表明:当生物炭基苹果专用肥施入土壤后,土壤含水量、pH、全氮、有机质和速效钾含量均有不同程度的提高,除土壤含水量以外,各指标T1处理与CK均差异显著;土壤速效磷含量下降,最高下降14.50%。T1、T2、T3处理的叶片氮、磷、钾养分含量较CK均有所下降。植株的SPAD值、百叶厚、百叶质量、叶片水分的高低顺序为T1>T2>T3>CK;各处理间新梢长度、百叶厚、水分无显著差异;T1处理的SPAD值和百叶质量与CK处理相比差异显著。与CK相比,T1处理产量增加了14.23%。炭基肥的施用降低了果实的硬度,各处理间无显著差异;T1、T2、T3处理的可溶性固形物含量高于CK,分别比对照增加36.63%、28.20%、9.16%;施用炭基肥显著提高了果实的糖酸比,增幅为8.95%~29.06%;T1、T2、T3果实中维生素C含量分别增加了5.05、2.40、0.32 mg·(100g)-1。生物炭基苹果专用肥施入土壤后可以改良土壤理化性状,促进树体生长,提高苹果产量,改善果实品质。Using 15-year-old ‘Qiaohua’ Fuji apple and the biochar apple special fertilizer independently developed by the research group as the test materials,the effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield,quality and soil fertility of apples were studied in field plot experiment,in order to provide scientific basis for organic fertilizer to replace fertilizer and reduce the use of fertilitzer.The results showed that when biochar-based apple special fertilizer was applied into the soil,the contents of soil water content,pH,total nitrogen,organic matter and available potassium all increased to different degrees.Except for soil water content,T1 treatment had significant differences with CK treatment.The content of available phosphorus in soil decreased by up to 14.50%.The contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in leaves treated by T1,T2 and T3 were all lower than those treated by CK.The order of SPAD value,hecto-leaf thickness,hecto-leaf weight and leaf water of the plant was T1>T2>T3>CK.There was no significant difference in shoot length,hecto-leaf thickness and water content between treatments.The SPAD and hecto-leaf quality of T1 treatment were significantly different from that of CK treatment.Compared with CK,T1 treatment yield increased by 14.23%.The application of biochar-based fertilizer reduced the fruit hardness,and there was no significant difference between treatments.The content of soluble solids in T1,T2 and T3 was higher than that in CK and increased by 36.63%,28.20% and 9.16%,respectively,compared with the control group.The sugar-acid ratio of fruit increased by 8.95%-29.06% after applying biochar-based fertilizer.The vitamin C content in T1,T2 and T3 fruits increased by 5.05,2.40,0.32 mg·(100 g)-1,respectively.Biochar-based apple fertilizer can improve soil physical and chemical properties,promote tree growth,increase apple yield and improve fruit quality.

关 键 词：生物炭基苹果专用肥 土壤养分 叶片营养 品质 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]