论过失犯的构造  

On the Structure of Negligence Offences

作　　者：张明楷[1] Zhang Mingkai

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2020年第5期1-21,共21页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：新过失论对旧过失论的批判,基本上是对古典犯罪论体系(如条件说、心理责任论)的批判,而不是对旧过失论本身的批判。新旧过失论的重心不同,但并非对立的两种学说。严格地说,旧过失论是关于过失本身的理论,而新过失论是关于过失犯的理论,应当称为“新过失犯论”。将违反注意义务作为过失犯的特征,存在规范逻辑的错误;要求过失犯违反结果回避义务与要求过失犯的行为具有现实危险,没有实质区别;而且,将违反结果回避义务作为过失犯的独有特征,会导致过失犯的客观不法重于故意犯,因而不当。不应当将预见可能性作为结果回避义务的前提,而应根据行为本身的危险程度及相关因素决定行为人应否采取结果回避措施;应当承认行为人对结果的预见可能性是责任要素。The critique made by the new theory of negligence to the conventional theory of negligence is basically critique of the classic criminal theoretical system,such as the theory of but-for causation or the psychological responsibility theory.There is no critique of the conventional theory of negligence itself.The new theory of negligence has different centers of gravity from the conventional theory of negligence,but they are not opposite theories.Strictly speaking,the conventional theory of negligence is a theory regarding the concept of negligence itself;while the new theory of negligence is a theory regarding negligence offences,which shall be referred to as the new theory of negligence offences.Taking the breach of duty of care as the characteristics of negligence offences,will there bean error in normative logic;requiring the negligence criminal to violate the obligation of results-avoidance or requiring the negligent conduct to cause actual danger,will there only be difference in expression,but there is no substantive difference;moreover,taking the obligation of results-avoidance as the unique characteristics of negligence offences,will lead to the objective unlawfulness of negligent offence seven more than intentional offences,thus it is improper.It is not necessary to take the possibility of foresight as the premise of the obligation of results-avoidance,but it is necessary to judge whether the actor should take necessary measures to avoid possible results according to the degree of danger and other related factors.Furthermore,it is proper to recognize that the actor's possibility of foresight is one of the elements of liability.

关 键 词：过失犯 旧过失论 新过失论 结果回避义务 预见可能性 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]