长江流域稻麦轮作条件下冬小麦适宜施氮量  

Economical nitrogen application rate of winter wheat under rice-wheat rotation in the Yangtze River basin of China

作　　者：李欣欣 石祖梁 王久臣 王飞 江荣风[2] LI Xin-xin;SHI Zu-liang;WANG Jiu-chen;WANG Fei;JIANG Rong-feng(Rural Energy and Environment Agency,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100125,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100094,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部农业生态与资源保护总站,北京100125 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100094

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2020年第9期3015-3022,共8页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-12)资助。

摘　　要：为推动长江流域稻茬冬小麦氮肥的合理施用,研究了施氮量(0、120、210、300 kg·hm^(-2),分别表示为N_0、N_1、N_2、N_3)对土壤硝态氮含量、土壤-植株系统氮素平衡和产量的影响。结果表明:土壤剖面的硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,至拔节期,不同施氮处理的硝态氮均显著运移至60 cm土层。拔节后追施氮肥显著提高了N_1、N_2处理0~40 cm土层和N_3处理0~60 cm土层的硝态氮含量;而成熟期的硝态氮主要积累于0~40 cm土层。氮素平衡分析表明,氮素吸收、残留、损失因小麦不同生育阶段而异,越冬至拔节期是氮素表观损失的主要时期;小麦全生育期植株的氮素积累量、无机氮残留量和土壤氮素表观损失量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加。通过环境经济学的Coase原理和边际收益综合分析,稻茬小麦兼顾生产、生态和经济效益的适宜氮肥用量为250 kg·hm^(-2),基肥与拔节肥的比例为5∶5,相应获得的籽粒产量为6840 kg·hm^(-2)。To promote the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer for winter wheat under rice-wheat rotation in the Yangtze River Basin,we examined the effects of nitrogen application rates(0,120,210,300 kg·hm-2,expressed as N0,N1,N2,and N3 respectively)on soil nitrate content,nitrogen balance of soil-plant system and yield.The results showed that soil nitrate content increased with increasing nitrogen application rates.Under different nitrogen application treatments,all the nitrate was significantly transfered to the 60 cm soil layer till jointing stage.After jointing stage,topdressing nitrogen significantly increased nitrate content in 0-40 cm soil layer under N1 and N2 treatments and that in the 0-60 cm soil layer under N3 treatment.Soil nitrate mainly accumulated in the 0-40 cm soil layer in the mature stage.Results from nitrogen balance analysis showed that nitrogen absorption,residue and loss varied across different growth stages of wheat,with the period from overwintering to jointing being the principal time of apparent nitrogen loss.The amount of plant nitrogen accumulation,inorganic nitrogen residue and soil nitrogen apparent loss all positively correlated with the nitrogen application rate.Based on the comprehensive analysis through Coase principle and marginal revenue of environmental economics,the optimum nitrogen application rate for production,ecology and economic benefits of winter wheat under rice-wheat rotation was 250 kg·hm-2,and the ratio of base fertilizer to jointing fertilizer was 5:5,while the corresponding grain yield was 6840 kg·hm-2.

关 键 词：冬小麦 氮平衡 Coase原理 边际产量 适宜施氮量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]